Planning
Abstract
Planning is a useful application in artificial intelligence field. It can be applied to solve many practical problems in various fields such as In manufacturing : reconfiguration production line in order to increase flexibility of the production line, In government service: schedule the train to maximize customer satisfaction. Etc. This paper overviews some idea of the classical and reactive planning. The classical planning assumes that the initial world does not change while the planning is being execute. But in the real world, It is possible to have some unexpected event happen when plan is executing such as machine break during the production plan. Reactive planning is a new idea that allows planner to reactive with the environments.
Introduction
Planning system in AI is an agent that can develop a strategy to achieve its goal by finding a series of actions that can have a desirable outcome. Planning system uses the reason about actions as an essential component to solve many practical problems.
For example, in most manufacturing, there is a trend to higher capitalization in plant, smaller batch sizes and tighter controls on inventories. All these trends argue for computer control of the manufacturing process which requires reasoning about actions at almost every level, from process routing, to setting up the job shop. In competitive markets with small batch sizes, manufacturers must be able to reconfigure in response to shifts in customer demands for products and to contractual obligations. Mathematical modeling and operations-research techniques, while appropriate for long range predictions, cannot accomplish shorter-term tactical planning when it is important to have a clear understanding of the ...
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...r produces a world model that satisfies the goal. Classical planner assume that the world state is not change during the plan is execute. But Reactive planning allow the world stat to change during the plan
Bibliography
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It is necessary to look at the development of artificial intelligence in order to put this idea into context. The concept of intelligent and aware constructs began to emerge in the 1950s and 60s as several scientists in many fields came together to discuss the possibilities of advanced computer research. The first major step was a scientific conference at Dartmouth College in 1956. Here, the general concepts and possible paths of research for a.i. were fleshed out. As described in Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, this conference was “the birth of artificial intelligence.” This was mostly a theoretical stage yet attending experts predicted that with a huge investment, working technology could be available in a generation (16). After being officially established, a.i. research and discovery exploded. Computer programs, a brand new idea, were already conquering algebra problems and speech recognition. Some could even reproduce English (18). It was clear that artificial intelligence research was going to be at the fo...
Marshall, Patrick. “Artificial Intelligence: Can ‘smart’ machines replace humans?” CQ Researcher 21.16 (2011): 368-384. Web. 24 March 2014.
Planning is a way to respond to the changes occurring in the environment around a person systematically. Planning is an approach towards the problem solving rationally. It can be taken as a remedial tool for creating change in the current situation in systematic and efficient way.
Goertzel, B., & Pennachin, C. (2007). In Artificial General Intelligence. Heidelburg, New York: Springer Berlin. Retrieved on July 31, 2010 from Google books Database.
Search and Planning: It is an important area when it comes to games like chess and checkers. Various search algorithms are used to search for an appropriate move. Planning algorithms have to be designed in a way to minimize play time and also reduce the use of future resources.
On the other hand, the process of «problem-solving» can be investigated in the light of the following question: «how is it possible to build a piece of correct reasoning?». This task is considered in Heuristic. Heuristic investigates general principles and methods of «problem-solving». Computer Heuristic (computer heuristic method) is a system of rules (a rule) for essential reducing the complete search, i.e. heuristic methods are opposed to exhaustive search methods.
Artificial intelligence is slowly being applied to the wide field of robotics. Anyone interested in intelligent robotics can look into programming in robotics and learning how A.I. is applied. Programming artificial intelligence into robots is no different than on a computer except for the variable of motion and environment. There are starter kits and current A.I. robotic research to look into if one is interested in getting involved. This section will cover the basics in getting started on figuring out how artificial intelligent robots work.
Jason Pontin. 2007. Artificial Intelligence, With Help From the Humans, The New York Times, March 25th, 2007.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the newest fields in Science and Engineering. Work started in earnest soon after World War II, and the name itself was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy. Artificial Intelligence is an art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by people [Kurzweil, 1990]. It encompasses a huge variety of subfields, ranging from general (learning and perception) to the specific, such as playing chess, proving mathematical theorems, writing poetry, driving a car on the crowded street, and diagnosing diseases. Artificial Intelligence is relevant to any intellectual task; it is truly a Universal field. In future, intelligent machines will replace or enhance human’s capabilities in
Poole, David, Alan Mackworth, and Randy Goebel. Computational Intelligence, a logical approach. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Crevier, D. (1999). AI: The tumultuous history of the search for Artificial Intelligence. Basic Books: New York.
Automated planning is concerned with making a plan for solving a problem. When working with these kind of problems, the difficulty primarily lies in defining the problem in a precise yet relatively simple way.
Artificial Intelligence is the scientific theory to advance the scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying thought and intelligent behavior and their embodiment in machines. This is going to hold the key in the future. It has always fa...
Williams, Gray ?Robots and Automation.? The new book of popular science. Grolier Inc., 1996, 186-94.
Planning is the foremost step of any organization. This is the base on which next step formed in an institute. Without planning does not decide anything. It includes resources, strategies, goals, objectives, needs, set standards and so on. Planning provides a direction to the manager, reduce waste from work