Pierre-Simon Laplace was born on March 23, 1749 in France (Pierre-Simon Laplace, 2000). He was a mathematician and astronomer who made great findings that contributed to mathematical astronomy and probability (Pierre-Simon Laplace, 2000). Not much is known about Laplace’s childhood because he rarely ever talked about his early days (Marquis de laplace, 2013). However, it is known that his family was middle-class and rich neighbors paid for him to attend school when they realized how talented the boy was (Pierre-Simon Laplace, 2000). He married Marie-Charlotte de Courty de Romanges at 39 years old (Pierre-Simon laplace, 2013). They had a son in 1789 and a daughter in 1792 (Pierre-Simon laplace, 2013). Pierre-Simon Laplace died on March 05, 1827 in Paris (Pierre-Simon Laplace, 2000). Laplace taught at one of the schools he attended for a while before he decided that he wanted to further his knowledge of mathematics (Marquis de laplace, 2013). He traveled to Paris to study at a military school and obtained a professorship of mathematics (Marquis de laplace, 2013). By the age of 19, Laplace had earned a spot as a chair of mathematics at the Military Academy of Paris (Pierre-Simon Laplace, 2000). In 1773 Laplace became an associate member of the Paris Academy of Sciences and in 1785 he became a full member of the academy (Pierre-Simon Laplace, 2000). In 1796, Laplace published a nebular hypothesis (Pierre-Simon Laplace, 2000). According to an article about his work “This hypothesis states that the solar system evolved from a mass of rotating gases which, as it cooled, had rings break away from its outer edges. These rings cooled further and condensed to form the planets. The sun is the remaining central core of the original gases.” (... ... middle of paper ... ...n-inference: http://www.bayesian-inference.com/bayestheorem Marquis de laplace. (2013, December 11). Retrieved from Gale virtual reference library: http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCountType=None&sort=RELEVANCE&inPS=true&prodId=GVRL&userGroupName=dove10524&tabID=T003&searchId=R1&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&contentSegment=&searchType=BasicSearchForm¤tPosition=4&contentSet=GALE%7CCX3404 Pierre-Simon Laplace. (2000, April 1). Retrieved from Gale world history in context: http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/whic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=WHIC&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Reference&limiter=&u=dove10524&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&displayGroups=&so Pierre-Simon laplace. (2013, December 11). Retrieved from Bayesian-inference: http://www.bayesian-inference.com/laplace
Many of the heavenly bodies were considered to be the representations of deities. The master of reason, Aristotle, stated once long ago that everything was made of only five elements the final being what makes up the heavenly bodies, after all they lacked the proper technologies to know differently. It was Galileo in 1610, using his telescope, that found dark spots on the sun. So as technological innovations occur our understanding of physics and astronomy grow. Newton in 1687 discovered the laws of gravity, suggested that all the solar and stellar bodies operated the same.
Euler was one of the mathematical giants of the 18th Century. Leonard Euler (1707-1783) was born in Basel, Switzerland. His father was a Lutheran minister and wanted him to follow his path. Euler’s interest was different however, he was a natural mathematician. Johann Bernoulli helped Euler pursue his path by convincing his father of his mathematical abilities. Bernoulli became Euler’s teacher at the St. Petersburg Academy of Science. Euler’s personal life was more on the tragic side. He married and had 13 children, but only 5 survived their infancy. It is said that Euler made some of his greatest discoveries while holding his baby
Hubble, Edwin. 1929, "A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Volume 15, Issue 3, pp. 168-173
Solar nebula is a rotating flattened disk of gas and dust in which the outer part of the disk became planets while the center bulge part became the sun. Its inner part is hot, which is heated by a young sun and due to the impact of the gas falling on the disk during its collapse. However, the outer part is cold and far below the freezing point of water. In the solar nebula, the process of condensation occurs after enough cooling of solar nebula and results in the formation into a disk. Condensation is a process of cooling the gas and its molecules stick together to form liquid or solid particles. Therefore, condensation is the change from gas to liquid. In this process, the gas must cool below a critical temperature. Accretion is the process in which the tiny condensed particles from the nebula begin to stick together to form bigger pieces. Solar nebular theory explains the formation of the solar system. In the solar nebula, tiny grains stuck together and created bigger grains that grew into clumps, possibly held together by electrical forces similar to those that make lint stick to your clothes. Subsequent collisions, if not too violent, allowed these smaller particles to grow into objects ranging in size from millimeters to kilometers. These larger objects are called planetesimals. As planetesimals moved within the disk and collide with one another, planets formed. Because astronomers have no direct way to observe how the Solar System formed, they rely heavily on computer simulations to study that remote time. Computer simulations try to solve Newton’s laws of motion for the complex mix of dust and gas that we believe made up the solar nebula. Merging of the planetesimals increased their mass and thus their gravitational attraction. That, in turn, helped them grow even more massive by drawing planetesimals into clumps or rings around the sun. The process of planets building undergoes consumption of most of the planetesimals. Some survived planetesimals form small moons, asteroids, and comets. The leftover Rocky planetesimals that remained between Jupiter and Mars were stirred by Jupiter’s gravitational force. Therefore, these Rocky planetesimals are unable to assemble into a planet. These planetesimals are known as asteroids. Formation of solar system is explained by solar nebular theory. A rotating flat disk with center bulge is the solar nebula. The outer part of the disk becomes planets and the center bulge becomes the sun.
Charles Augustin Coulomb was born on June 14th, 1736 in Angoulême, France. Henry Coulomb, Charles' father, had a military career, but left that for the government. His mother, Catherine Bajet, was related to a very wealthy family, the de Sénac's. Many say that Henry Coulomb got caught up in some financial mishaps which led to him losing most all of his money. During Coulomb's younger years his family moved from Angoulême on to Paris. Here, Charles attended many lectures at the College Mazarin and also the College de France. His mom wanted him to be a medical doctor, but on the contrary, Charles wanted to go on and study mathematics. Since Charles disobeyed his mother, he was disowned and was forced to stay with his father over in Montpellier. During his stay he joined the second royal scientific society in France known as the scientific circle. Here he read many papers on mathematics and astronomy. It was a shame that he had no money to purchase a home of his own and continue his scientific studies, but eventually he came to be a military engineer. He joined the military school at Mézières in 1760. Here he formed many friendships which would later be important for his scientific work. Charles Bossut, his teacher at Mézières and Jean Charles Borda where among them.
Johannes Kepler was born at 1 P.M on December 27, 1571 in Weil Der Stadt, Wurttemberg, in the Holy Empire of German Nationality. He was a sickly child and his parents were poor. Kepler’s family was Lutherans and he adhered to the Augsburg confession a defining document for Lutheranism. He was the eldest child of an ill assorted union. His father Henry Kepler was a reckless soldier of fortune and his mother, Catherine Guldemann, the daughter of an innkeeper. His father worked as a mercenary and left the family when Johannes was five years old. It is believe that his father died in the eighty years war in Netherlands. His mother was an inner keeper daughter and worked as a healer and herbalist. Kepler mother was tried for witchcraft. kepler had six siblings and three of which died at an early age. Kepler suffered from an eye illness and his vision was severely defective like hypochondria.
A French scientist who studied math and physics. His work included studying atmospheric pressure, conic sections and the principles of hydrostatics.
On the 21st of June 1905, Anne-Marie Schweitzer and Jean-Baptiste Sartre gave birth to their one and only child, Jean Paul Sartre. Anne-Marie was forced to raise Jean-Paul all by herself after Sartre’s father, John-Baptiste, died. Jean Paul Sartre became interested in philosophy after reading the essay “Time and Free Will” by Henri Bergson. In 1929, Sartre met Simone de Beauvoir. Beauvoir, who later on became a celebrated philosopher, stayed friends with Sartre throughout his entire life and would be the closest thing to a wife Sartre would ever have. In 1939, Sartre was drafted into the French army as a meteorologist. He was captured by German troops in 1940 and spent nine months as a prisoner of war. After World War II, Sartre emerged as a politically engaged activist. He was an outspoken opponent of French rule in Algeria. He also embraced Marxism; a theory based on communism, and visited Cuba, me...
No other scholar has affected more fields of learning than Blaise Pascal. Born in 1623 in Clermont, France, he was born into a family of respected mathematicians. Being the childhood prodigy that he was, he came up with a theory at the age of three that was Euclid’s book on the sum of the interior of triangles. At the age of sixteen, he was brought by his father Etienne to discuss about math with the greatest minds at the time. He spent his life working with math but also came up with a plethora of new discoveries in the physical sciences, religion, computers, and in math. He died at the ripe age of thirty nine in 1662(). Blaise Pascal has contributed to the fields of mathematics, physical science and computers in countless ways.
Gravity collapsed the matter, forming the sun in the center of the nebula. As the sun came to be, the rest of the material began to clump up and small particles came together and became into bigger and better particles. Solar wind took light elements such as hydrogen and helium, and only left rocky materials such as earth. The solar winds led the rest of the materials to become into gas giants. This also led to asteroids, comets, planets, and moons to be created. Earths rocky core was made first with dense elements binded together. As dense material went to the middle, the lighter material was then made into the crust. Eventually, earths magnetic field was made and gravity took light elements. As Earth was evolving, earth was impacted by a large mass that made pieces of the planets mantle go into space. Gravity made it possible for these pieces to form the moon. The mantle under the crust caused plate tectonics and the movement of the large plates on the surface of earth. Such impacts and a lot of friction made mountains and volcanoes possible, which then began to throw gasses into the atmosphere. The planet was in a state where liquid water neither freezes nor evaporates but can remain as a liquid, the water remained at the surface, which was the key role in the development of life. According to a new theory, disk instability, clumps of dust and gas collided together early in life. Over
Our solar system, as we see it today, originally formed from the collapse of a very cold and low-density cloud of gas. The mass of this cloud was composed of 98% hydrogen and helium, 1.4% hydrogen compounds, .4% rock, and .2% metal. The nebula was thought to be a few light years across and was roughly spherical in shape. The cloud was in a state of balance, it was neither contracting or expanding, until a cataclysmic event, most likely a supernova, created a shock wave through the nebula, resulting in an area of higher mass. Once this area became more massive than the rest of the nebula it begin to collapse with the area of hig...
In 1812, he began his formal education at Trinity College and the University of Cambridge where he discovered his ability and interest in mathematics history. During that same year, he helped found the Analytical Society, whose object was to introduce developments from the European continent into English mathematics. He graduated from Peterhouse in 1814. He became a fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1816 and was active in the founding of the Royal Astronomical and the Statistical societies. He received his Masters in 1817 and began working as a mathematician, concentrating in calculating functions. It was his work with these complex calculations that led him to his most significant inventions: The Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine. By previous standards, these engines were monumental in conception, size, and complexity.
Galileo Galilei was born on February 15, 1564, in Pisa, Italy. He was a mathematics professor who made pioneering observations of nature with long-lasting implications for the study of physics. Galileo constructed a machine that changed everything in astronomy, the telescope, and this supported the Copernican theory. In 1600, Galileo met Marina Gamba, a Venetian woman, who gave him three children. The daughters were Virginia and Livia, and son Vincenzo. But He never married Marina because he feared his illegitimate children would threaten his social standing. He died in Arcetri, Italy, on January 8, 1642.
Joseph-Louis Lagrange was considered one of the greatest mathematicians of his time. By 1761, he was considered and described as the foremost mathematician living (Ball). He helped to advance a variety of branches of mathematics. He contributed to the fields of differential equations, number theory, and the calculus of variations. He also applied problems in dynamics, mechanics, astronomy, and sound. Lagrange was a very accomplished mathematicians, and he greatly influenced mathematics.
The idea behind the Solar Nebular Hypothesis is that the solar system was condensed from an enormous cloud of hydrogen, helium, and a few other elements and rocks. Around five billion years this cloud of materials began to spin and contract together into a disk shape under their own gravitational forces. The particles started combined together, protoplanets, to eventually form planets. A great mass of the material eventually began to form together, protosun, and make up the sun.