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History benefits of anesthetics
Evolution of anaesthesia in surgery
Evolution of anaesthesia in surgery
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Every molecule known to man has a background story to discovering it. Between 1925-1845, the discovery of anesthetics was very popular. Enflurane was discovered by Ross C. Terrell at Ohio Medical Products. He is known to have created over 700 potential anesthetic compounds (“Basak”). All of his anesthetics were known to be synthesized around 1960 to 1980. Ohio Medical Products were able to successfully produce two anesthetics. The two anesthetics that were developed were isoflurane and enflurane. Enflurane was officially discovered in 1963. Before the molecule was able to be sent out into the clinical field, it was extensively tested on animals and eventually some humans (“Basak”). The animals that were tested with enflurane were rats and rabbits. During some of the initial pilot tests, there was some hesitation since it was suggested that enflurane could be a hepatocarcinogen (“Basak”). The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) soon found that the theory was wrong and then approved and released the molecule to the United States in 1979 (“Miller”).
Since chemistry is a worldwide science, ideally every chemical has to follow a systematic set of rules called the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). The IUPAC allows for a global naming system and set of rules for all chemicals. The IUPAC name for the molecule enflurane is “2-chloro-1,1,2,-trifluoroethyl-difluoromethyl ether”. There are also many common names that enflurane is recognized by. There are many other names that enflurane can be recognized by but the other most common names for this molecule are “ethrane”, “enflurane-d2”, “methylflurether”, and “Compound 347” (“United States National Library of Medicine”). The molecular formula for enflurane...
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...egion%3DUS%26focus%3Dproduct%26N%3D0%2B220003048%2B219853269%2B219853286%26mode%3Dmatch%2520partialmax (accessed Nov 22, 2013).
Enflurane; MSDS No. 13838-16-9 [Online]; Matheson Tri-Gas: Dec 11, 2008. http://www.mathesongas.com/pdfs/msds/MAT08601.pdf (accessed Nov 22, 2013)
United States National Library of Medicine "Livertox." Enflurane. Graphic Courtesy of The
Scientific Consulting Group, Inc., 5 Nov. 2013. Web. 24 Nov. 2013. http://livertox.nih.gov/Enflurane.htm
Miller, RD., Eriksson, LI., Fleisher, L., Wiener-Kronish, JP., Young, WL., Anesthesia: 2-Volume
Set; Elsevier Health Services, 2009; p 323, 641-651, 1247. http://books.google.com/books?id=NdtScV4iZGYC&pg=PA15&lpg=PA15&dq=who+is+terrell+of+ohio+medical+products&source=bl&ots=1XUSp8fOXk&sig=TXmolBFVuD_CgjV5jWbzSMFG51M&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Pl-OUq_mHYKnkQe2k4G4Dg&ved=0CDwQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=enflurane&f=false
Because it is a way of knowing the pressure that the blood is putting on the walls of arteries and veins.
Compounds resulting from heterocyclic chemistry form a huge family of variations of organic compounds with cyclic or acyclic structures having carbons and at least another element with the most common being sulfur, oxygen, fluorine or nitrogen 49. Such heterocyclic compounds must have their rings having heteroatoms and the rings could be unsaturated or saturated as well 1. These compounds are usually classified as aromatic or alicyclic heterocycles 6. The latter contain cyclic analogues of thioethers, ethers and amines 6. It has been studied before that the families of nitrogen- sulfur heterocycles have aromatic compounds that are very stable19. Also, fluorinated compound using trifluoromethyl group is often used to reduce in vivo metabolism of potential drugs, in addition to improving cellular membrane permeability (LogP)88. Sulfur and Nitrogen organic compounds heterocycles are basically drawn from aromatic heterocycles realized when a heteroatom occupies the position of a carbon atom in the ring of an organic aromatic
In this work, the mechanical and barrier properties were examined for Polypropylene (PP) film in which the surface of the film was modified by Oxygen plasma treatment. The PP film was treated in various intervals of time of 60 s, 120 s, 180 s, 240 s and 300 s with three various RF power settings of 7.2 W, 10.2 W, 29.6 W. The contact angle was measured to characterize the wettability. The oxygen functional groups were generated on the surface of oxygen modified PP which was observed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscope and it was resulted in the improvement of wettability. The surface morphology and roughness of the PP films before and after the oxygen plasma treatment was analyzed by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). It was found that the roughness of
Before they knew its effect to animals, they were spreading this substance to all places. Even in eating places and swimming pools. The public thought it was safe and effective as endorsed by its manufacturer. Media really plays a role on the health of a lot of people, and science too. The manufacturer was hesitant that it was really safe for us.
This book covers different types of anesthetics. I used it for information before the discovery and the history of the discovery. It was useful.
SUMMARIZE: The article focuses on studies related to anesthesia which were conducted on dogs by researchers. Topics discussed include Arthur Guedel anesthetizing a dog using tracheal tube and cocaine crystals numbing cornea. It also goes on to talk about the numbing of Nazi dogs by Jews using cocaine. Also the use of curare by a surgeon named Mario Jascalevich which resulted in a neuronal cell death. Numerous stories on chemicals tested on animals, preferably dogs and facts were presented. (78
Opioid neuropeptides were first discovered in 1974 by two individual groups of researchers. John Hughes and Hans Kosterlitz were studying the brain of a pig and found a small amino acid molecule, enkephalin (Hughes, 1975). Soon after, Rabi Simantov and Solomon Snyder discovered endporphins in the calf brain, short for endogenous morphine.
Throughout many generations the success of medicine has been dog-eared throughout history, from penicillin being created through colonized bacteria on an agar plate to chemotherapy being used to combat the ailments of cancer, we as a society rely a great deal on the effectiveness of medicine. Due to this realization one can agree that it is imperative that the medications that are being distributed and placed on the pharmaceutical market are tested and analyzed at all angles and perspectives to ensure they work effectively and successfully resulting in moderate to no side effects. The progressive industry of medicine has greatly increased since the early nineties thanks to the advancement in medical technology making
Hofmann, A. (1970, January 1). The Discovery of LSD. The Discovery of LSD. Retrieved May 12, 2014, from http://www.psychedelic-library.org/hofmann.htm
MDMA was discovered at the end of the 19th century when the German company Merck was interested in developing substances to stop abnormal bleeding. The scientists of Merck discovered a plant that contained the important compound hydrastinine, however it became rarer to find; therefore, Merck was interested in looking for alter...
In the history of mankind, the hallucinogens have probably been the most important of the narcotics. Their fantastic effects made the...
The purpose of this lab was to see firsthand the diffusion of a substance across a selectively permeable membrane. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration until both concentrations are equal, or as you could more professionally call it, equilibrium. This concept is one that we have been studying in depth currently in Biology class.
“In 2010 that 97,123 animals suffered pain during experiments while being given no anesthesia for relief.” (ProCon). In recent years animals have been more and more mistreated and manipulated in order to test many of the products that we use today. A common belief of many people is that it is better for this to be tested on animals than humans. This alone is a very disturbing. The problem with this is that no life whether it is human or animal is worth being put through the pain and discomfort in order for us to have personal gain. The truth is that there are safer more reliable methods that could solve of the problems with the animal testing that goes on throughout the world today. Although the testing of products on animals provides
In the early 19thcentury, physiologists performed many pharmacologic studies. Pharmacology is held to have emerged as a separate science only when the first university chair was established.
borate) and 1.0 g. of sodium hydroxide in 20 mL of warm water. It may