Introduction: Although the correlation between anxiety states, stress, and occurrence of periodontal disorders has been reported, more research on other psychological signs seems to be necessary. The objective of this study was to compare the psychological signs in patients with chronic periodontitis with healthy people.
Method: In a cross sectional study, 40 patients with chronic periodontitis and 40 healthy individuals aged between 20 to 40 years who were able to read and write, were participated. Clinical examinations were performed by a single examiner. Psychological assessment was done by SCL-90-R questionnaire. This study was performed in 2011 in Zahedan city (Eastern Iran). All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software version 19. The comparison between groups was performed using independent t test and ANOVA as appropriated.
Results: There was a statistically significant difference in mean scores of 9 psychological disorders between the study groups, but this difference was not psychologically significant. Mean score of global severity index in patients was higher than healthy people and this was statistically and psychologically significant. After separation of individuals to four age groups (20-25, 26-30, 31-35, 36-40 year olds) it was indicated that in 31-35 year olds, mean scores of phobic anxiety, depression, and anxiety were statistically and psychologically significant between the study groups.
Conclusion: this study can be used as a guide to further studies specially longitudinal studies in 31-35 years old people for collecting data. (This is not a good conclusion. Conclusion should be based on the findings of this study)
Key words: psychological disorders, SCL-90, chronic periodontitis, healthy pe...
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...re is no comparable dental research but, after dividing the participants to four age groups, it was indicated that in 31-35 year olds, the means score of phobic anxiety, depression and anxiety was statistically and psychologically different between patients and healthy groups.
Periodontal disease has a long-term health outcome and therefore, it is likely that a chronic pattern of adverse psychological effects is required to have a measurable disease. (this phrase is not understandable)
Since our results are derived from a cross-sectional study, they need to be completed by further studies, particularly longitudinal ones to confirm the findings. However, the result of this study may be used as a guide to decide on important measurement specially in 31-35years old groups, to include in longitudinal studies for collecting data. (I do not understand this part as well)
2. By looking through the case study, the most prominent problem Sara struggles with, is her persistent worry about different parts of her life including her job status, health and her relationship with her husband. For the past six months, she has been anxious and worried excessively, leading her to have difficulty sleeping. As she admitted, “ I cannot shut my brain off anymore, I am worrying all the time”, therefore her condition met the primary criteria of generalized anxiety disorder which is the excessive worry for at least 6 months more days than not, about diverse events and activities. Being restless, irritable, having sleep difficulty and being easily fatigued are four factors of GAD that are apparent in this case. “I have always had lots of energy but now at times I struggle to get out of bed and drag myself thorough the work day”; it indicates the fatigue she recently experienced. Fidgets with her jewellery when speaking and a nervous laugh she has, shows her persistent anxiety. Moreover, she was recently diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome which has a high comorbidity with anxiety disorders. In conclusion, since she is persistently worried about different aspects of her life and she has the criteria for GAD, generalized anxiety disorder is the most likable disorder she has.
15-Mutneja. P, Dhawan. P, et al. Menopause and the oral cavity. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism (2010); 16(4): 548-551.
Bearing in mind that an anxiety response is a result of various factors, there are different types of anxiety disorders. The most common type of anxiety disorders as described as specific phobias, social anxiety disorder (SAD), panic disorder (PD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). According to Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA) (2016), specific phobias affect about 19 million adults in the U.S, while SAD affects 15 million, PD affects 6 million, GAD affects about 6.8 million, OCD affects about 2.2 million and PTSD affects 7.7 million adults respectively. Considering that anxiety disorders are the most common mental illness in the U.S, yet only about one-third of those suffering receive treatment (ADAA, 2016).
(198)First, we need to understand what fear and anxiety is. Fear is when the nervous system responds to a threat to ones well being. Anxiety is when there is a vague sense of danger. Both of these term help the body determine when action needs to be taken like “Fight” or “Flight”. When they both come clinically significant is when people can’t not live there normal lives without one or there other or both interfering. “Their discomfort is so server or to frequent, last too long, or is trigger to easily, (Comer, 2013, pp.114)”. Then they are termed with having an anxiety disorder or some other disorder. Most psychologist use the DSM-5 check list when diagnosing a patient with anxiety disorder. They look for these signs that the DSM-5 list:
Fear and Anxiety are essential functions that occur in the brain that allow people to respond to stimuli appropriately. These feelings as normal as they are can cause problems and in 3.1 percent of adult Americans approximately 6.8 million people it does cause problems (“Generalized anxiety disorder”, 2014). A problem can arise when people have too much fear and anxiety; a problem is evident when it interferes with their life and their ability to do things. This is known as general anxiety disorder (GAD). When someone is suffering from generalized anxiety disorder they normally experience excessive exaggerated anxiety and worry about normal life events that give no clear reason for worry (“Generalized anxiety disorder”, 2014). This disorder can be debilitating and rule over people’s lives if it is severe and a better understanding of the disorder can be gained by looking at historical views, current views, causes and symptoms, case studies, differential diagnosis considerations, and treatment.
The reliability and validity were researched by using three types of studies: mixed diagnostic group, certified patients diagnosed with DSM-III-R anxiety disorders and a non-clinical sample. It should be noted that the that was used population were psychiatric patients s...
Periodontal disease is an infection of the gingiva and alveolar bone. Periodontal disease increases in prevalence and severity as people age. Periodontal disease is precursored by gingivitis.
Hirschfeld L, Wasserman B (May 1978). "A long-term survey of tooth loss in 600 treated periodontal patients". J. Periodontol. 49 (5): 225–37.doi:10.1902/jop.1978.49.5.225. PMID 277674
The authors of this article have outlined the purpose, aims, and objectives of the study. It also provides the methods used which is quantitative approach to collect the data, the results, conclusion of the study. It is important that the author should present the essential components of the study in the abstract because the abstract may be the only section that is read by readers to decide if the study is useful or not or to continue reading (Coughlan, Cronin, and Ryan, 2007; Ingham-Broomfield, 2008 p.104; Stockhausen and Conrick, 2002; Nieswiadomy, 2008 p.380).
We all fear pain and it’s a well-known reason for people to avoid seeing the dentist. Most end up having severe periodontal problems leading to loss of teeth. Approximately 4-11% people suffer from dental phobias and avoid seeking dental care at all costs. Many of them end up in emergency situations that require invasive procedures like extraction or pulpotomy, which further reinforces their phobia.
A 39 years old male adult attended for a regular 6 monthly dental check up and routine scaling. The patient reports to suffer from anxiety, he is a teacher, a non-smoker, non-drinker and a regular dental attender.
Perwin, A.R., & Bernstein G.A. (2004). Anxiety Disorders. Children and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 4(2), 305-322.
If you have diabetes, you probably know that uncontrolled blood sugar levels can negatively affect various organs in your body, including the heart, kidneys, nerves and eyes; however, did you know that inconsistent blood glucose levels can also lead to periodontal disease? Periodontal disease often leads to dental pain which can make chewing difficult. There is also the possibility of tooth loss.
Gingivitis is a type of periodontal disease and is when the gums are inflamed. The gums in the teeth destroy the tissues because of the inflammation and infection known as periodontal disease (MedlinePlus n. pag.). Gingivitis typically precedes periodontitis but it is important to understand that not all gingivitis progresses to periodontitis (“Gum Disease” n. pag.). Most of the time gingivitis is from not brushing and flossing which may lead to the use of certain drugs and source of medical disorders. When the gums turn red, swollen, and start bleeding it is usually the sign of the common disease, gingivitis. Gingivitis is sometimes not detected and barely causes any pain in the beginning stages. Nevertheless, gingivitis that is not treated may lead to periodontitis which is a more severe gum disease than gingivitis that can eventually result in tooth loss. Plaque -induced gingivitis, drug- induced gingivitis, vitamin deficiency, infection, and pregnancy, menopause, Leukemia, and an impacted tooth (Pericoronitis) are some of the causes of gingivitis (“Gingivitis: Periodontal” n. pag.). Many symptoms help dentist diagnose whether or not a patient has gum disease (“Gum Disease” n. pag.). Gingivitis has many symptoms, causes, and ways to prevent this gum disease, thankfully, treatment options and therapy are available (“Gingivitis” MedlinePlus n. pag.).
National Institute of Mental Health. (2009). Studying anxiety disorders. NIH Medline plus, 5, 13-15. Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/anxiety-disorders/complete-index.shtml