Guillian-Barré Syndrome (GBS) derives from a disorder associated with a Campylobacter jejuni infection. Campylobacter is known with multiple pathologic forms of GBS, including the demyelinating and axonal forms. GBS can cause weakness in the limbs and an absence of reflexes. There is a weakness in proximal and distal, and often, respiratory cases are involved. GBS can lead to paralysis, depending on the virulence. If virulent enough, GBS will affect the respiratory system, which often leads to patients in ventilating machines due to difficulty in breathing. There are six subtypes to GBS with acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy being the most common form. The immune system attacks the Schwan cell membranes in response to a bacterial or viral infection. This will lead to reflex weakness and minor sensory changes. Weak motor reflexes follow the sensory symptoms. This may lead to respiratory failure if respiratory muscles are affected. Since the immune system attacks the Schwann cells, which are the cells responsible for producing myelin for the nerves, the myelin sheath will be affected. Most patients’ symptoms can be resolved with re-myelination. Miller-Fisher Syndrome is a rare form of GBS. This subtype is distinguished by the reverse paralysis rather than the order of the more common types of GBS. There is an abnormal eye coordination that may lead to paralysis in the eye muscles. This weakness of the eye muscles essential for eye movement is called ophthalmoplegia. Ophthalmoplegia is a cardinal feature, meaning it is the primary clinical symptom by which a diagnosis is made. In addition, present in Miller-Fisher syndrome is loss of full control of body movements, or ataxia. For Miller-Fisher syndrome, ataxia u... ... middle of paper ... ...emedicine.medscape.com/article/315632-overview#aw2aab6b2b2>. "Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 23 Aug. 2012. Web. 19 Mar. 2014. . "Gullian Barre syndrome and its Variants." neuropathy.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2014. . "NINDS Miller Fisher Syndrome Information Page." Miller Fisher Syndrome Information Page: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2014. . "Result Filters." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 17 Mar. 2014. .
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Guillain-Barre Syndrome and how to treat it. This paper will go into detail about the
Flaccid dysarthria results from damage to the lower motor neurons (LMN) or the peripheral nervous system (Hageman, 1997). The characteristics of flaccid dysarthria generally reflect damage to cranial nerves with motor speech functions (e.g., cranial nerves IX, X, XI and XII) (Seikel, King & Drumright, 2010). Lower motor neurons connect the central nervous system to the muscle fibers; from the brainstem to the cranial nerves with motor function, or from the anterior horns of grey matter to the spinal nerves (Murdoch, 1998). If there are lesions to spinal nerves and the cranial nerves with motor speech functions, it is indicative of a lower motor neuron lesion and flaccid dysarthria. Damage to lower motor neurons that supply the speech muscles is also known as bulbar palsy (Pena-Brooks & Hedge, 2007). Potential etiologies of flaccid dysarthria include spinal cord injury, cerebrovascular accidents, tumors or traumatic brain injury (Pena-Brooks & Hedge, 2007). Possible congenital etiologies of flaccid dysarthria include Moebius syndrome and cerebral palsy. Flaccid dysarthria can also arise from infections such as polio, herpes zoster, and secondary infections to AIDS (Pena-Brooks & Hedge, 2007). Additionally, demyelinating diseases such as Guilian-Barre syndrome and myotonic muscular dystrophy can also lead to flaccid dysarthria (Pena-Brookes & Hedge, 2007). The lower motor neuron lesion results in loss of voluntary muscle control, and an inability to maintain muscle tone. Fasciculations, or twitching movements, may occur if the cell body is involved in the lesion (Seikel et. al., 2010). The primary speech characteristics of flaccid dysarthria include imprecise consonant production, hypernasal resonance, breathiness, and harsh voice (...
Lou Gehrig's disease is often referred to as Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), this is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. Motor neurons come from the brain to the spinal cord and from the spinal cord to the muscles throughout the entire body. The progressive degeneration of the motor neurons in ALS would eventually leads to their death. When the motor neurons die, the ability of the brain to initiate and control muscle movement is also lost. With voluntary muscle action progressively affected, for this reason patients in the later stages of the disease may become totally paralyzed (Choi, 1988).
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is generally thought to be an autoimmune disease that attacks the myelin sheaths, or oligodendrocytes that cover nerve axons in the central nervous system (PubMed Health 2013). This immune response causes inflammation, which triggers immune cells to destroy axons “along any area of the brain, optic nerve, and spinal cord” (PubMed Health 2013). When the myelin sheath “is damaged, nerve signals slow down or stop” thus hindering the propagation of action potentials and limiting function (PubMed Health 2013).
A rare and severe disease, Guillain Barre Syndrome, often occurs after an acute infectious procedure. Guillain Barre Syndrome affects the peripheral nervous system. Normally, it is an acute form of paralysis in the lower body area that moves to the upper limbs and face. Over time, the patient will lose all his reflexes and goes through a complete body paralysis, unless maintained in a prompt manner. Guillain Barre Syndrome is a life threatening disorder and needs timely treatment and therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin’s. Unfortunately many people can lose their lives without proper and prompt medical treatment. “Dysautonomia and pulmonary complications are the basic reason for death for those contract GBS, luckily these kind of complications are rare..” Guillain-Barre syndrome is a disorder that your ownbody's immune system attacks your nerves. The first symptoms usually consist of weakness and or tingling in lower extremitites as well as the hands. These symptoms can quickly spread, eventually paralyzing your whole body. It is unknown what the exact cause of Guillain-Barre syndrome is unknown, but it is more than often preceded by an infectious illness such as the stomach flu or a respiratory infection. Guillain-Barre syndrome is an uncommon disorder, affecting roughly only one or two people per 100,000. There are several treatments and therapies that can help ease symptoms and reduce the duration of the illness and although most people recover from Guillain-Barre syndrome, many people may still experience lingering effects from it, such as numbness, fatigue or weakness.
The body’s inflammatory process is facilitated by T-cell and B-cell responses to autoantigens within the CNS. The inflammatory process that happens within the CNS causes declining changes in the brain. Some changes include the axonal loss and immobilizing neurological damages. The remaining damage that transpires is irreversible and permanent in the brain and spinal cord. The symptoms of MS depend on the type and the severity of the disease. If the type and severity of the disease is severe then the symptoms will be more extreme. Some of the more common symptoms that are experienced include sensory symptoms; like numbness, tingling or pain, fatigue, visual disturbances, elimination problems like frequency or urgency and depression. There are many methods to diagnosing MS. There has been an increase in treatment options available and they are continuously testing new drugs yearly.
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease of the central nervous system. It is understood as an autoimmune disease, a condition where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks normal tissues. In Multiple Sclerosis, the patient’s own cells & antibodies attack the fatty myelin sheath that protects and insulates nerve fibres in the brain and spinal cord, the two components of the CNS. This ultimately causes damage to the nerve cells and without the insulation the myelin sheath provides, nerve communication is disrupted. Hence, Multiple Sclerosis is characterized by symptoms that reflect central nervous system involvement (Luzzio, 2014).
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS, is a degenerative disease affecting the human nervous system. It is a deadly disease that cripples and kills its victims due to a breakdown in the body’s motor neurons. Motor neurons are nerve cells in the brainstem and spinal cord that control muscle contractions. In ALS, these neurons deteriorate to a point that all movement, including breathing, halts. Muscle weakness first develops in the muscles of body parts distant from the brain, such as the hands, and subsequently spreads through other muscle groups closer to the brain. Such early symptoms as this, however, can hardly be noticed.
Patients whose lesion is in the Cerebrum & Cerebellum will experience loss of balance and coordination, difficulty speaking, and frequent limb trembles. Speech difficulties vary from slurred words, long pause between words, and swallowing problems. Patients whose lesion is in the Motor nerve tracts will experience weakened and stiffened muscles, blurred vision or vision impaired, and urinary problems. Weakened and stiffened muscles causes walking disabilities and painful feeling of muscle spasms in 6 to 10 people. Patients whose lesion is in the Sensory nerve tract will experience sensory alternations, fatigue, cognitive and emotional dysfunction, and loss of sexual interest. Difference sensations experienced are numbness, itching, burning, stabbing, or tearing pains.
In the world of neurology, there are a vast amount of neurological disorders, conditions, and diseases. One severe disease is known as Multiple Sclerosis. In this research essay, I will be discussing what multiple sclerosis is, symptoms, causes, personal experience, and treatments.
Symptoms associated with Multiple sclerosis consist in a wide range. MS could cause a numbness of the limbs, loss of vision, or even paralysis. (2) There is no specific set of symptoms that a patient may experience because MS may have affected different parts of the nervous system. Some patients may experience a loss of balance, unstable walking, clumsiness, blurred vision, spasticity (a spring-like resistance to moving or being moved), abnormal speech, memory loss, impotence, and bladder problems are to name a few. (1) In any one patient the symptoms may vary with each attack. (7) The symptoms can last up to days or...
Ware, Mark. Canadian Medical Association Journal. webmd.com. N.p. 30 August 2010. Web. 4 May 2014.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an acquired demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that typically is diagnosed in the second or third decade of life. Normally, nerves are enclosed in myelin sheaths that help facilitate transmission of nerve impulses within the CNS and the peripheral nervous system throughout the body. In patients with MS, the myelin sheath is damaged and eventually degenerates, causing patches of scar tissue called plaques or lesions to occur anywhere randomly on the myelin sheath (Ruto, 2013). This results in impaired nerve conductivity, which interferes with message transmission between the brain and the other parts of the body. As a result, impulse transmission is altered, distorted, short-circuited, or completely absent. This interference in impulse transmission creates muscle weakness, muscle imbalance, and possibly muscle spasms with partial or complete paralysis. Multiple sclerosis also can result in visual impairment and alteration of cognitive abilities, as well as pain, numbness, or tingling sensations (Ruto, 2013).