WORKERS IN THE OTTOMAN PUBLIC DEBT ADMINISTRATION
Introduction
The main aim of this article is to investigate the workforce involved in a main late-Ottoman institution namely Duyun-ı Umumiye İdaresi (Ottoman Public Debt Administration henceforth OPDA). This article consists of two parts. The first part discusses the political and economic conditions in the Ottoman Empire as in Europe, when OPDA established. The second part deals with workforce involved in OPDA.
PART I
The Ottoman Empire and the Establishment of OPDA
In its last two centuries the Ottoman Empire suffered several crises from various aspects. The dissemination of nationalist ideas among its minorities, lost wars also territories, signing of treaties which added to the deteriorating position of the Ottoman Empire vis-à-vis European states. During the two centuries before its final breakdown the Ottoman had lost many wars and ceased large territories. All these exercised a negative effect on the Ottoman Empire. Subsequently, European’s impact, through their economic penetration, missionary activities and nationalist ideas on such minorities as Armenians, Greeks, and Bulgarians, was ever increasing etc. The Ottomans used to make internal borrowings, especially from prominent merchants residing. However, Empire does not resist more across the European countries. After a while, Ottoman Empire taking cash money few European bankers. After a short time, the Ottoman administration borrowed from the European countries.
All these global changes were affected the Ottoman Empire. One of these grids down was appearing out of the external credit. Ottoman Empire borrowed external credit (firstly from Britain) during the Crimean war in 1853-1856. After first loan, other fo...
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The policies of United States and the reactions of Turkey’s against that policies will take part in this paper.
Throughout history, the rise and fall of empires in Europe had become so prevalent that it was hardly a surprise anymore. There were a great deal of changes in rulers, land ownership, and religion in all the areas of Europe. The area that I plan to focus on is Afro-Eurasia between the times of 300-600 CE. During this time, new borders were made, religions were traded from area to area, and new empires came to be.
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The Ottoman Empire were Muslims and included Hungary, Syria, Egypt, Bulgaria, and Albania, and they marched on land. The Ottoman Empire is said to have first appeared somewhere around the 1300’s, and can be related to the decline of the Byzantine Empire. They began conquering Christian lands and by the late 1600’s all Christians were afraid of the “terrible Turk”. It is no wonder that many other people were afraid of the Ottoman Empire since they seem to be really rather powerful and they conquered a lot of land. It was in the 1330’s when the Morroccan Abu Abdallah Ibn Battuta passed through Constantinople and became impressed with the Ottomans who seemed to be gaining power rather quickly, he noticed that they had close to 100 forts and
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Sultan Mahmud II, and various other Europeanized Ottoman bureaucrats initiated what is known today as the largest reform movement in the history of the Ottoman Empire. The Tanzimat changed life in the Ottoman Empire drastically, and completely revolutionized how the Ottomans lived. Previously, the empire was home to various different, nationalities, races, religions and cultures. During the Tanzimat, a major effort was made to unite these people, which is often referred to as the policy of Ottomanism. This resulted in the creation of a national anthem, and the establishment of a national flag. In the past, Islamic law was predominant, but was replaced by secular law, so no individual groups were left out. The Tanzimat’s main focus was to replace it’s old, outdated ways, with more of a westernized approach. The reforms varied greatly, but for the most part, they were all made to help modernize the empire.
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...uptcy which forced the establishment of the Ottoman Public Debt Administration in 1881. This administration would later become the framework of the International Monetary Fund still existing today.
Turkey’s involvement in the World War 1 provided cover for extreme elements of the very nationalistic Young Turks regime to carry ...
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From the 18th century through the beginning of the 19th century, European influence was a significant force in various aspects of the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, and Iran. Although the reforms, coined primarily by Gelvin as “defensive developmentalism,” were initially intended to centralize governmental control and strengthen the military, the actual effects were much broader. Based on varying pre-existing conditions and unique approaches to governorship, this process of modernization affected each region differently. This essay will explore the manners in which European influence shaped each territory, the primary areas of civilization, politics and culture that experienced reform, and the degree to which that influence was significant, or in the case of Iran, insignificant.
She explains the progression from standard politics to biopolitics in the Ottoman empire. As a rights based state, and seeing as it copied a portion of its regulations, those from the constitution, from napoleonic, french law. But with the tanzimat period, the era in which reforms were being made to all areas of politics in the Ottoman Empire, the state began to further incorporate gendered criminal codes. In 1926, the Ottoman Empire's successor, Turkey, started to take ideas from the Italians. This new development only increased the strength of the chokehold the state held