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Comparing Health Care Systems throughout the world
Compare various health systems
Health care system compariosn essay
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The Organisation & Focus of the Health System in NZ, UK& US
Health care systems around the world are diverse in the organisation and focus of their health systems. In this essay, the organisation and focus of New Zealand, United Kingdom and the United States will be compared. Considered will be their different levels of care, the way patients move through these levels and the successfulness of each system at being a quality health care system for their population.
Health systems consist of three main health care levels; primary, secondary and tertiary. Each corresponds to levels of care for patients. Primary Health Care is the first level; being the first point of contact, and the suggested entry point into the health care system. It is based in a community setting and referred to as ambulatory care (French, Old & Healy, 2001). It’s of the lowest cost and includes providers such as general practitioners (GP’s), nurses and midwives etc. Patients are usually referred back to their GP’s for ongoing care after secondary/tertiary level of care (Bodenheimer & Grumback, 2009). The next level is Secondary. As primary, secondary can also be provided in the community by specialists, as well as hospitals E.G Paediatrics, Gynaecology and General Surgery. Specialists’ care makes secondary care medium to high cost. Secondary care is accessible via GP and other primary care providers’ referrals however other systems allow patients to self refer (Bodenheimer & Grumback, 2009).
Tertiary care providers are specialists who are available only at major hospitals and they require precise resources to perform complex procedures such as organ transplants E.g Cardiologists, Auckland Hospital (Bodenheimer & Grumback, 2009). Due to this, they are the ...
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...h, 5th ed. (pp 43-57). New York : McGraw-Hill.
4. Roberts, M., Hsiao, W., Berman, P., & Reich, M. (2008). Assessing health-system performance. In Getting health reform right: A guide to improving performance and equity. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
5. Malcolm, L. (2004). New Zealand action to address major inequities in the distribution and utilisation of primary health care services. Australian Journal of Primary Health, 10(3), 101-109.
6. Barbara Starfield, Leiyu Shi, & James Macinko (2005) Contribution of Primary Care to Health Systems and Health. The Milbank Quarterly, 83(3), 457-502
7. Cathy Schoen, Robin Osborn, Phuong Trang Huynh, Michelle Doty, Karen Davis, Kinga Zapert, & Jordon Peugh (2004) Primary Care And Health System Performance: Adults’ Experiences In Five Countries, Health Affairs, (2004):w4-487-w4-503
doi:10.1377/hlthaffW4.487
This essay will examine the following statement in relation to reforms proposed in the Health and Social Care Bill 2011 “Funding and delivering high quality health and social care services is problematic to all governments irrespective of political persuasions” I will provide an overview of the bill and investigate through critical analysis recommendations in the Bill for clinically-led commissioning. This will enable me to illustrate the problems in delivering a high quality care service that is needed by the changing society and the challenges this causes policy makers who uphold the ideology of the NHS.
...rofiles of Health Care Systems, The Commonwealth Fund, June 2010. Retrieved April 20th, 2011 from website: http://www.commonwealthfund.org/~/media/Files/Publications/Fund%20Report/2010/Jun/1417_Squires_Intl_Profiles_622.pdf
Starfield, B, Cassady, C, Nanda, J, Forrest, C, & Berk, R. (1998). Consumer experiences and provider perceptions of the quality of primary care: implications for managed care. The Journal of Family Practice, 46(3), 216-226.
The regionalized model organizes levels of care into primary care, secondary care, and tertiary care (Bodenheimer & Grumbach, 2012). Primary care would be general practitioners, who make up the majority of physicians in Great Britain, secondary care would be physicians specializing in areas like internal medicine, pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology and general surgeries (Bodenheimer & Grumbach, 2012). Tertiary care specialists include cardiac surgeons, immunologists, and pediatric hematologists, and they work at a few highly specialized medical centers (Bodenheimer & Grumbach, 2012). Hospitals are also organized in a similar fashion, with district hospitals serving local communities, and regional tertiary care medical centers providing highly specialized care services (Bodenheimer & Grumbach, 2012). While some think that dispersed model of care provides flexibility and convenience, others find the regionalized model of care to be more organized and less expensive (Bodenheimer & Grumbach, 2012). I have to agree with the supporters of the regionalized model of care because I would rather have a few different doctors look at me and decide on the best course of action than go straight to the cardiac surgeon. Care should be planned for a patient in a way that the patient only receives services that he or she requires, and organizing our health care delivery model in a different way can help us attain cost containment and ensure that the patient does not get unnecessary
It is no secret that the current healthcare reform is a contentious matter that promises to transform the way Americans view an already complex healthcare system. The newly insured population is expected to increase by an estimated 32 million while facing an expected shortage of up to 44,000 primary care physicians within the next 12 years (Doherty, 2010). Amidst these already overwhelming challenges, healthcare systems are becoming increasingly scrutinized to identify ways to improve cost containment and patient access (Curits & Netten, 2007). “Growing awareness of the importance of health promotion and disease prevention, the increased complexity of community-based care, and the need to use scarce human healthcare resources, especially family physicians, far more efficiently and effectively, have resulted in increased emphasis on primary healthcare renewal.” (Bailey, Jones & Way, 2006, p. 381).
Niles, N. J. (2011). Basics of the U.S. health care system. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.
Primary health care is the essential step to the Canadian health system. It is often associated with other specialized health care sectors, and community services. Many patients visit various services under primary health care such as family doctors' offices, mental health facilities, nurse practitioners' offices; they make phone calls to health information lines, for example, Tele-health; and receive suggestions from physicians and pharmacists (First Ministers; meeting on healthcare, n.d.). This service can prevent patients from visiting the emergency department, when all that is required is some guidance and advice. Having primary care services can reduce the consumption of acute beds, where only seriously ill patients can use the acute beds when it is available. Primary care not only deals with sickness care, but it helps patients receive preventable measures; it promotes healthy choices (Primary health care, n.d.). The focus on appropriate health care services, when and where they are needed, enhanced the ability of individuals to access primary care in various settings: at home, in a hospital or any number of family health care venues, such as Family Health Teams (FHTs), Community Health Centres (CHCs), or Nurse Practitioner- led clinics. This paper will look at the litigious heated argument in the Romanow Report concerning primary care. It will begin with a discussion of the outcome of the Accord on Health Care Renewal (2003) and The First Ministers' Meeting on the Future of Health in Canada (2004), both referring to primary care, which will then be followed with an assessment and analysis of the different ways in which the accords have been addressed in support of primary care. Followed by a discussion about the changes on ...
Willis, E, Reynolds, L & Keleher, H 2012, Understanding the australian health care system, Mosby Elesvier, Chatswood, NSW.
The Australian health care system comprises both the public and the private health sub-sectors. The health care system concerns itself with the financing, formulation, implementation, evaluation, and reforming of health services. The main sources of f...
National health systems are assessed by the extent to which expenditure and actions in public health and medical care contributes to the crucial social goals of improving health, increasing access to quality healthcare, reducing health disparities, protecting citizens from penury due to medical e...
According to healthypeople.gov, a person’s ability to access health services has a profound effect on every aspect of his or her health, almost 1 in 4 Americans do not have a primary care provider or a health center where they can receive regular medical services. Approximately 1 in 5 A...
The US health system has both considerable strengths and notable weaknesses. With a large and well-trained health workforce, access to a wide range of high-quality medical specialists as well as secondary and tertiary institutions, patient outcomes are among the best in the world. But the US also suffers from incomplete coverage of its population, and health expenditure levels per person far exceed all other countries. Poor measures on many objective and subjective indicators of quality and outcomes plague the US health care system. In addition, an unequal distribution of resources across the country and among different population groups results in poor access to care for many citizens. Efforts to provide comprehensive, national health insurance in the United States go back to the Great Depression, and nearly every president since Harry S. Truman has proposed some form of national health insurance.
Barton, P.L. (2010). Understanding the U.S. health services system. (4th ed). Chicago, IL: Health Administration Press.
There are six principals of Primary health care. To begin with, the first principles are Accessibility Equality and Social Justice. It is the first and most important key to primary health care. Health care service must be equally distributed and shared by all people of the community irrespect...
- Organisation and Management of Health Care, April 2002, Version 2.0 , Main Contributor: Katie Enock, Public Health Specialist, Harrow Primary Care Trust www.healthknowledge.org.uk