Intro The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model has significantly influenced the development of internet protocol we use today. Created in the 1980’s by the International Standards Organization (ISO), a multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement on international standards, this reference model has defined the entire network communication process into seven structured layers. In ascending order these layers are the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. The purpose of this model was, and still is, to simplify and set a standard for the design of communication and networking products that can communicate with each other, regardless of system differences. Layer Functions The Open Systems Interconnection model breaks down host-to-host transmissions into seven different layers where each one performs a specific function. At the same time each layer has the ability to also communicate with adjacent layers in either direction. In essence each layer interacts directly with the layer below it and at the same time also provides support to the layer above it. 1. Physical Layer The first layer in the OSI model is the physical layer, which deals primarily with all of the hardware aspects of communication, essentially defining the standards for signaling and wiring. The main purpose of this layer is to handle the translation of binary bits in each frame into signals. And then transmit these signals one at a time over some physical medium connecting other network entities. On the receiving end, the physical layer will retrieve these individual signals and restore them to their bit representations before passing them up to the Data Link layer as a complete frame. Methods of ... ... middle of paper ... ...er applications may use, for example HTTP for web browsers or SMPT for e-mail. This layer is essentially responsible for integrating network functionality and providing network services to the user’s system, it is not involve any actual applications. Other standards set by the application layer include file transfer protocol (FTP), which is used to transfer files from one system to another. And domain name service (DNS) which is a network service that translates domain names to their IP addresses. Works Cited http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/osi-model-for-cisco-networking.html http://support.microsoft.com/kb/103884 http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/network-basics-the-seven-layers-of-the-osi-referen.html OSI Model Explained http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_rsqVtaloI http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model http://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/OSI_Layers.asp
OSI – Open Systems Interconnection - is reference model for how applications can communicate over a network. A reference model is a conceptual framework for understanding relationships.
MAC Layer Connections: Management connections and data transport connections are two connections in this layer. The management connections have three types: basic, primary, and secondary. A basic connection and primary connection are created for each MS when they join the network. A basic connection is used for short and urgent management message. And a primary connection is used for delay-tolerant management messages. The secondary connection is used for IP summarized management messages such as dynamic host configuration protocol [DHCP], and simple network management protocol [SNMP]. Transport connections can be provisioned or can be recognized on demand. They are used for user traffic flows. Unicast or multicast can be used for transmission.
The OSI model is a model of how a network actually works. The OSI model has seven different layers and is of course, theoretical. Meaning, this model may not be true in every instance, perhaps it can work without a counter part or perhaps not. The layers of the OSI are comprised of these layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application (InetDaemon, 2015).
Last phase is data exchange. In data exchange, client and server exchanges the data by creating one or more data channels. In each channel, flow is control using window space available. There are 3 stages of the life of the channel: open channel, data transfer and close channel. One the channel is open by either of the party, data is transferred and then channel is closed by either of the party [3].
A switch can be used to make various connections. Ethernet, Token Ring, and various other types of packet switched network segments together to form a heterogeneous network operating at OSI Layer 2.
The RosettaNet Implementation Framework, abbreviated as RNIF, defines implementation guidelines for creating software applications which allow reliable transport of PIPs in XML-format business documents between trading partners. RNIF is a robust routing, packaging and security standard created by the RosettaNett consortium to define the way in which a RosettaNet message must be transported, thus providing the underlying service protocol for implementing RosettaNet. This protocol allows networked applications to participate in RosettaNet and ensures interoperability between RosettaNet implementations. Compliance with RNIF standard is an important requirement for the messaging systems to get a RosettaNet certification.
MPLS operates at an OSI Model layer that is generally considered to lie between traditional definitions of Layer 2 (data link layer) and Layer 3 (network layer), and thus is often referred to as a "Layer 2.5" protocol. It was designed to provide a unified data-carrying service for both circuit-based clients and packet-switching clients which provide a datagram service model. It can be used to carry many different kinds of traffic, including IP packets, as well as native ATM, SONET, and Ethernet frames.
Section 1.4 is basically the author telling us about two important network architectures, the OSI reference model and the TCP/IP reference model. The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) deals with connecting opens systems, which are systems that talk with other systems. This model has seven layers: the physical layer, the data link layer, the network layer, the transport layer, the session layer, the presentation layer, and the application layer. From this information, we discover that the OSI model is used only for its model (the 7 layers) and not as a network architecture since it doesn’t specify the exact services and protocols to be used in each layer.
Timothy Pintello (2013). Introduction to Networking with Network1. USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 175-199.
TCP/IP is a network model which enables the communication across the Internet. The most fundamental protocol on which the Internet is built. This is made up of the 2 common networking protocols, TCP, for Transmission Control Protocol, and IP, for Internet Protocol. TCP maintains and handles packet flow linking the systems and IP protocol has the ability to handle the routing of packets. However The TCP/IP stack consists of 5 layers first being application layer, the transport layer, then the network layer, the link layer and finally the physical layer. The assignment focuses on the three middle layers and is divided into five parts. Firstly explaining how the TCP and UDP the most vital protocols needed to deliver and communicate.
The protocol stack is built up with a few layers and planes, namely application layer, transport layer, network layer, data link layer, physical layer. And the planes are task management plane, mobility management plane and power management plane. The block diagram of a protocol stack is shown below
There are several advantages to the layered approach provided by the OSI model. With the design separated into smaller logical pieces, network design problems can be easier to solve through divide and conquer techniques. Vendors who follow the model will produce equipment that is much more likely to be compatible with equipment from other vendors. The OSI model also provides for more extensible network designs. New protocols and other network services are more easier added to a layered architect.
One of the most basic types of topologies is Point to Point, where a connection between two nodes is established just to communicate between the two. One of most basic examples of this is a two tin can’s on a string; they are connected to each other just so the two can communicate. This relationship can also be observed with two computers connected with a crossover Ethernet cord. This method of connection is also used for communication through telephone, but this is achieved logically. Switched telecommunications systems are used to create a link between two phones to connect them and allow communications between the two and then dropped when the connection is no longer needed. Point to Point communication in modern times is still prevalent, but achieved using more complex networks with the help of logical networking, and can be used to describe many of the connections between individual parts of a network.
ErrealMedia (2010) Network standards OSI Reference Model; History of OSI Model; OSI Layers in Action http://www.erealmedia.com/cms125/