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gender differences in emotional expression
gender differences in emotional expression
observational learning children beetween 3 and 4 years old
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As children, we depend on the world to show us how we should behave. We observe the world to see how we should act and when it is the proper time to act a certain way. In psychology this is called observational learning. Observational learning starts when infants began to imitating their parent’s behaviors. It is often found that children’s behavior (expression of emotion) results from observing their parents. In most cases, adults have the same behavior as they did when they were younger. In other cases, adult behavior change’s depending on their surroundings. However, our experience from observing the world can have different effects, because not everyone is the same. In contrast, human expression of emotion can vary. Therefore, human emotions are the most difficult subject to understand. Attempting to study emotions is hard because human’s emotion range from high to low in several categories like frustration, aggression, excitement, depression, fear, sadness, and joy.
Nevertheless, a particular emotional response is not caused by one thing. Every emotional response is cause by more than one thing. It was once thought crying was only an emotional response from being sad. However that is not always the situation. An emotion response like crying could be an emotional response from frustration, anger, or happiness. In order to understand human behavior, all aspects (observing parent interactions) that cause humans to response emotionally must be studied. Because understanding human emotion is like a common ground to understand human behavior. Without exploring every emotional response human express, we will never fully understand human behavior. We would be ignorant to other emotional responses like laughter. Laugh...
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...t laughter is an emotional response to more things than we think.
Gender Differences
Furthermore, there are gender difference in expressing emotion (laughter).
Children (boys and girls) replicating parent(s) interactions
Social Gatherings
Adult Behavior
According to “The Effect of Gender of Canned Laughter on Television Programme Appreciation” by Adrian Furnham, Ella Hutson, Alastaire McCllenad
Reference
According to “Aping Expressions? Chimpanzees Produce Distinct Laugh Types When Responding to Laughter of Others” by Marina Davila-Ross, Bethan Allcock, Chris Thomas, and Kim A. Bard
According to “The Effect of Gender of Canned Laughter on Television Programme Appreciation” by Adrian Furnham, Ella Hutson, Alastaire McCllenad
In “Psychological Distance and Emotional Experience: What You See Is What You Get” by Joshua I. Davis, James J. Gross and Kevin N. Ochsner;
In The Andy Griffith Show and in Greek and Roman Comedy the viewer or reader, whichever the case may be, will notice the dominating fatherly male character, the male character who is always confused, the person who is in need of help or looking for answers, and the female who is needed for the male. The sitcoms of today are similar to some of the Greek and Roman comedies of the past. The reader or viewer may also notice that there are many differences between the two. The most dominating differences are the changes, which have taken place in society. The people of today are encountering some of the same situations, but the outcomes and solutions have changed. The roles of women and men have changed, and because of the changes the presentation of comedy to the public has been forced to change.
To begin, I will give a brief overview on the effect emotions have on our media viewing experience. In particular, I will be examining the work of Noem Carroll and Carl Plantinga. Second, I will give a brief overview of the research that connects political humor viewing to positive outcomes including increased political knowledge, and the ability to learn various view points as well as greater understanding of one’s own viewpoint. Though, I understand that their is a raging debate between cognitivist and non-cognitivist. My goal is not to take a position on the debate, but I am merely going to give a brief overview of the literature on film and emotion. On one hand, Carl Plantinga argues that emotions can be defined as "Concern Based Construals.” To highlight this meaning, let us imagine that as I am writing this paper, I hear loud noises, as this is going on, unconsciously, my heart rate increases and respiration increase and I begin to develop the emotion of fear. This is similar to Noel Carroll’s theory of emotion, if not complimentary to Plantinga’s view. Carroll would say that emotions act as searchlights to help us focus on the perceptions necessary to deal with the current experience. Plantinga would concede that many of the affects associated with emotions occur in the cognitive unconscious. So, Plantinga is not saying that, “Emotions are mere judgements,” As Robert Solomon would claim, but emotions are driven by experience based on one’s personal perception. In other words, Plantinga is saying the these construals are based on one’s personal experiences, whether conscious or not. However, something should be said about Construals in of itself, th...
Australian humour is very unique to Australia, and many other cultures find it quite unusual. It can be described as dry, anti-authoritarian, self-mocking, very ironic and as to stretch the boundaries of what is acceptable. Our humour is seen through our use of slang, print cartoons, radio sketches, comedy series’ on television, films, everyday life and in Australian literature. According to the Collins Dictionary and Thesaurus , humour means, “The quality of being funny; the ability to appreciate or express that which is humorous; situations, speech or writings that are humorous”. Due to its unique qualities, it will become apparent that Australian humour is quiet different to that of America and England and other nations. To highlight the importance of humour through the development of Australian identity, five main elements have been identified. These are, the part Australian humour plays in Australian identity, its unique qualities, its integral part in the Australian identity, the role of humour in times of great hardship and other nation’s perceptions of Australian humour. It is through these elements that it will become evident that humour is an important part of the development of the Australian identity.
1. Emotions in early childhood have been studied time by time again, to come to a conscience method on how emotions are developed from the start. The earliest emotions that are expressed in the first six months of an infant’s life are things like surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust with a plethora of other emotions began to spawn. Emotions have proven to be important roles in communication with others and behavioral organization. Infants use these aspects to determine interactions weather emotions would be positive or negative.
The more familiar of the two modes of self-reflexive cinema make use of a comedic style, and what's more, many contemporary comedies embody comedic self-reflexivity (Prince 291). These comedies do so because it facilitates a more personal rapport between the characters and the audience, thus amplifying the humor that can be seen in the narrative. However, there are certain limitations to comic self reflexivity. By presupposing the audience’s familiarity with the humor or references in the narrative, the mode risks reaching an audience that does not relate to the material presented. Some films are unable to meet a large audience because their narratives are constructed from “inside” jokes that can not be understood by all who will see it. (Prince 290)
Laughter is an interesting topic. Mainly because of the lack of thought that goes with it as to why we laugh. In an article titled Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic by Henri Bergson, the theory behind why things are funny is explored. He mentions many different things in his article pertaining to the comic, however, there are a few that stand out more than others. He talks directly about the fact that things are only funny if they relate to humans. Then he touches on the idea that accidents are funnier than planned events. Finally, he speaks on laughter being directly related to social setting. The 1992 film Noises Off is a perfect demonstration of everything that Bergson writes about. Henri Bergson’s essay on laughter is perfectly supported by the film Noises Off.
Malpass, L.F., & Fitzpatrick, E.D. (1959). Social facilitation as a factor in reaction to humor. The
3. Apte, Mahadev L. Humor and Laughter: An Anthropological Approach. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1985.
According to this theory, external forces can influence the development of emotions. A child can mature a lot quicker when they are placed in an environmen...
Rebecca Krefting (2014), “an Associate Professor of American Studies, affiliate faculty to Gender Studies, and Director of the Media and Film Studies Program” (Skidmore), wrote an article called “Making Connections.” Krefting (2014) explains the connections between comedy and people, listing the reasons the world can build “Cultural Citizenship” through “charged humor” (p. 17-18)
Psychologists, sociologists and anthropologists study humor because it is a fundamental culture value, but they still can’t determine why certain things make some people laugh and others not. There are “humor quotient” tests that are designed to measure an individual’s sense of humor, but these tests are questionable. These tests aren’t accurate because almost all humor depends on cultural background knowledge and language skills. Not every person in the whole world, or even in one country share the same background knowledge and skills, therefore they cannot have the same type of humor. “The fact remains that individuals vary in their appreciation of humor” (Rappoport 9). Since humor varies from individual to individual, humor lies in the individual. How successful or funny a joke is depends on how the person receives the joke, humor cannot be measured by a statistical
The emotion only arises because of observation and experiment and although it does produce knowledge, it would not be able to without the two aforementioned ways. For example, if Ratan Tata hadn’t observed the family on the bike, there would be no emotion created and subsequently, no knowledge created. Similarly, if I hadn’t observed the families in abject poverty, it would have never giving me the push to spread awareness of rural poverty hence making that particular knowledge non-existent. Moreover, not only is observation the spark of the emotion generated, but it also shapes the type of emotion experienced in conjunction to some event. Previous experiences of a human, their observations or experiments that have been done on/by them, are key to shaping the emotions that are evoked in response to a situation. A jihadist would be nonchalant and indifferent in seeing someone die in front of him because of the number of times he’s observed it before; however a businessman civilian who’s not seen someone dying in front of him before is more likely to experience shock and the impact will be greater. Therefore even in this case, the past observations and experiments of a person is what frames the emotion evoked which in turn creates
Television comedies have been on the air for decades, and throughout this time many different shows have come and gone. Due to the dominance of these shows, comedies are one of the biggest draws on television. There are many different types of comedies, each with their own unique characteristics and features that differentiate them from others and lead to their popularity. Whether the show is a sketch comedy, sitcom, mockumentary or dramatic comedy, each utilizes different types of humour, locations, themes, and situations to appeal to the audience; which is likely why they are so popular today.
If there is one way to bring a smile to someone’s face, it is laughter. Funny jokes, comical stunts, sarcasm- Every person is different when it comes to what makes them laugh. Some find dry humor comical. Others think sarcasm or joke-filled ranting are the best. ‘Comedy’ is such a broad term, broad enough to allow everyone to find something they find comical. In fact, ‘comedy’ includes a specific type of drama, one where the protagonist is joyful and happy endings are expected. Comedy is like a drug; it allows you to escape reality. When we say the word ‘comedy’ in the present, we are generally referring to a type of performance which provides humor. However, in its broadest sense, comedy has only one purpose: comedy makes people smile and
Emotion has a major role that it plays in the learning environment (Cleveland-Innes & Campbell, 2012). Educational psychologists believe the motivation, achievements, and the overall educational performance has a direct correlation to the human emotion (Cleveland-Innes & Campbell, 2012). That statement alone reflects the significant role that emotion plays in education. There is a major need for human emotion to be displayed in the educational environment and it really does not matter whether it is a brick and mortar class or an online learning environment; emotion must and in fact does play a role.