A field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different seed rates and nutrition on the yield of wheat; at Agronomic research area, University of Agriculture Faisalabad during 2008-2009.The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications. The treatment comprises four different fertilizer level F0( Control no fertilizer), F1 ( 100-115-67 NPK kg ha-1 ), F2 ( 115-130-82 NPK kg ha-1) and F3 ( 130-145-97 NPK kg ha-1) with three different seed rate S1 (100 kg ha-1), S2( 125 kg ha-1), S3( 150 kg ha-1).Wheat variety Shafaq-2006 was planted. Results showed that different fertilizer level and seed rates affected significantly the various parameters under study especially ,plant height, spike length, number of spikelets spike-1, 1000-grain weight, economical yield and harvest index. Among the seed rates, 125 kg ha 1 produced significantly the highest grains yield (4.30 t ha-1) followed by 150 kg ha 1 seed rate (3.87 t ha-1).Regarding nutrition, F2 (115-130-82 NPK kg ha-1) fertilizer level produced significantly the highest grain yield (4.85 t ha-1
Keywords: Wheat; Seed rate, Fertilizer level; Yield
Introduction
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most important cereal crop in the world, and is a staple food of about one third of the world’s population including Pakistan. In Pakistan wheat is the most important cereal crop both in terms of production and area under cultivation.Wheat was cultivated on an area of 9062 thousand hectares, showing an increase of 5.9 percent over last year’s area of 8550 thousand hectares. The size of wheat crop is provisionally estimated at 23.4 million tons (Government of Pakistan, 2009).
In Punjab (Pakistan), there are predominantly cotton-wheat-cotton and rice-wh...
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Kingsolver indicated that these wheat crops are undergoing natural selection. More specifically, there are four conditions that must be legitimate for natural selection to engage in a given
With the rapid growth of our global population pouring into the next millennium, we will witness an ever-growing hunger rate around the world. That is unless we call for a revolution on the global scale. The Green Revolution which already sprouted in the early part of the century only need to add a bit more momentum and we will see a bright future for the human race, a future without hunger and starvation ¡V hopefully.It is becoming increasingly difficult for the planet to support its overwhelming population. And since the amount of arable land available is becoming scarce, we must seek ways to dramatically improve crop yields of existing cropland.
The production of wheat is not a new phenomenon. Wheat has been successfully cultivated for thousands of years. Since the industrial revolution, wheat cultivation has taken a dramatic shift. Everything has changed; how we grow wheat, how we process it, the way we store it and even the way we eat it. Yes, a lot has changed.
This bacteria known as rhizobia requires it to be inside the root nodules to fix nitrogen for the plant. An average acre of alfalfa puts 200 pounds of nitrogen into the soil per year. This being why alfalfa is put into a crop rotation with other crops that need a lot of nitrogen. Alfalfa’s lifespan can range from 3 to 10 years depending on soil type and how well the alfalfa is maintained. When an alfalfa field of 40 acres is in alfalfa for 5 years it puts 20 tons of nitrogen into the soil ready to be used for the next crop. One famous crop rotation is corn and alfalfa. Farmers see an extreme yield boast when corn is planted following alfalfa. Research has shown that corn yields increase by 10 to 15 percent. Nitrogen fertilizer cost for first-year corn can be reduced by 100 percent. Alfalfa also is planted for as a soil-conserving crop which improves soil structure, fertility and prevents soil loss. The university of Missouri conducted a test of an average soil loss per acre in various crops. They found that alfalfa compared to many other crops had the least loss of soil per acre. Not only does alfalfa serve as a valuable crop to make a profit but also valuable to conserve the
Wheat likes to grow in 70 to 75 F temperatures. It needs lots of sunshine, low humidity and 12 to 15 inches of rain. “Moderate warming and more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere may help some plants to grow faster. However, more severe warming, floods, and drought may reduce yields” (Climate Impacts on Agriculture and Food Supply). This means crops can produce more wheat when there are good temperatures and carbon dioxide. Less wheat is produced when there is bad weather such as floods or very little rain. According to the website, “Dealing with drought could become a challenge in areas where rising summer temperatures cause soils to become drier.” (Climate Impacts on Agriculture and Food Supply). Dry soil destroys wheat crops. In summary, temperatures and water are very important to soil because it affects how much wheat is produced. So, without good temperatures, rain, and soil there wouldn’t be enough wheat to produce
There are 7.79kg/tom of N-fertilizer, 0.0kg/ton of P2O5, and 14.41 kg/ton of K2 O-fertilizer that are applied to FFB on average. This was an average from 9 months at the nursery stage and 25 years at the field stage. Glyphosate and paraquat are used as herbicides. Herbicides are applied on average about 1-3 times per year at around 1.8-3.1 hg per ha per ton for glyphosate and .6-1.2 per ha per time for paraquat for the specific study site. Seeds of oil palm are applied at 168 kg/ha (Pleanjai and Gheewala).
From my own knowledge I know that Fertilisers are used on plants to help them grow faster, bigger and greener. Over fertilising a plant will usually result in the plant dying or making the plant grow slower and shorter whilst applying not enough fertiliser will stop the plant from growing to its full potential. From research I have found that in order to help a plant grow they need certain chemicals. The most important chemicals to help a plant grow are potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen, these chemicals are usually found in most fertilizers.
Throughout the history of the human race there have been a great number of crops that were discovered, planted, and over time domesticated. Wheat in the Middle East, rice in Asia, and rye in Eastern Europe are all some of today’s staple crops that feed millions every day. Crops like these make up over 50% of the world’s total food supply. However, the third most eaten crop in the world is maize, or corn, which provides 21% of human nutrition. Today maize feeds millions across the world, but its history is different from the others.
1) were crossed directly and reciprocally among each other as Nagarkot x Surbhi, Nagarkot x Binwa, Binwa x Nagarkot, Surbhi x Nagarkot, T-397 x Surbhi, T-397 x Binwa, Binwa x T-397 and Surbhi x T-397 to develop F1, F2 and back crosses for studying inheritance of seed colour in three environments i.e. CSK Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University Palampur, Rice and Wheat Research Centre (RWRC), Malan (Himachal Pradesh) and Shivalik Agricultural Research and Extension Centre, Kangra (Himachal Pradesh). However, for flower colour eight true breeding genetically diverse genotypes of flax viz., HimAlsi-2 (white), Chambal (blue), HimAlsi-1 (white), Nagarkot (blue), Surbhi (white), T-397 (blue), Belinka (white) and Jeevan (blue) were crossed directly and reciprocally among each other as HimAlsi-2 x Chambal, HimAlsi-2 x Nagarkot, HimAlsi-2 x T-397, HimAlsi-2 x Jeevan, Chambal x HimAlsi-2, Nagarkot x HimAlsi-2, T-397 x HimAlsi-2, Jeevan x HimAlsi-2, HimAlsi-1 x Chambal, HimAlsi-1 x Nagarkot, HimAlsi-1 x T-397, HimAlsi-1 x Jeevan, Chambal x HimAlsi-1 , Nagarkot x HimAlsi-1 , T-397 x HimAlsi-1 , Jeevan x HimAlsi-1, Surbhix Chambal, Surbhix Nagarkot, Surbhix T-397, Surbhix Jeevan, Chambal x Surbhi, Nagarkot x Surbhi, T-397 x Surbhi, Jeevan x Surbhi, Belinkax Chambal, Belinkax Nagarkot, Belinkax T-397, Belinkax Jeevan, Chambal x Belinka, Nagarkot x Belinka, T-397 x Belinka, Jeevan x Belinka, to develop F1, F2 and back crosses for studying inheritance of flower colour in three environments. The material was grown in randomised block design with three replications during Rabi 2014–15 at experimental farm of Department of Crop Improvement, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University Palampur, RWRC, Malan and Shivalik Agricultural Research and Extension Centre, Kangra with row to row and plant to plant spacing of 30 and 5 cm respectively. The
In south part of China, where water resources are plentiful, is suitable to plant rice which need to be planted in water. In addition, temperature in south is warmer than north, and it will not drop under zero Celsius in autumn or winter, which means farmers can plant seed of rice in the field in autumn and receive the second time of harvest in winter. Because of the fast grown speed of rice and the suitable weather for it, southern residents eat more food made by rice. Take the traditional staple food in south as an example, traditional staple food in southern China are rice, which is popular in most of province in the south, and rice noodle, which are traditional food of Yunnan province and Guangxi province. The northern China, in other hand, has more staple food made by wheat. Compare to rice, wheat has a slower grow speed with a larger production, which perfectly fitted the weather in north part of China, whose weather is totally differ from south. In ate autumn and winter, temperature in northern China never go above zero, and people had to stay at home in the past. Based on this background, wheat is an excellent material to make staple food, for its large production, and the staple food made by it are easier to preserve than rice. Therefore, northern residents eat more wheat; for example,
There are four distinctive characteristics, when dealing with supply response of perennial crops. According to Soontaranurak(2011), these characteristics separately and collectively, imply that producers must have foresight or long-term planning with reference to investment. First, perennial crops have a biologically-determined gestation period between planting and harvesting. Second, current production depends on previous output levels. Third, there are significant costs of adjustment which restrict the planting and removal of trees. Fourth, planting and removal decisions are restricted by both past decisions and the existence of binding non-negativity constraints about the adjustment process(technical conditions of production, the availability
India is a country where agriculture is the mainstay of our economy. Size of farm lands has been constantly diminishing generation after generation. In such a situation, it can be safely said that India is a nation of medium and small farming households where floriculture can potentially be one of the best options for augmenting the income of under privileged farmers. Systematic introduction of floriculture crops could be a significant intervention at this juncture where a poor farmer can earn much more than what he does by making the most optimum use of the available limited natural
It is very well known that soils play a key role in agriculture. In the absence of suitable soil we would be unable to grow plants i.e. food crops which are equally important for the continuity of animals as well as humans. There are many different types of soil found in Pakistan but basically they are divided into 25 categories. Soil can be defined in so many different ways but with respect to agriculture one can defined soil as a granular matter or organic mineral which is present on the surface of the earth in which we use to grow different plants of our requirement. Soils can be differentiated on many different bases but as far as we are concerned about food, two of its many properties must be taken in account.
This lesson is designed to review and reinforce a few important concepts about plants (e.g. Needs, parts, sequence of planting) and to also guide the students through applying a few scientific inquiry (e.g. Making observations, experimentation, discussion, reflection, reporting results etc.). The students have previously planted corn and bean seeds and today’s lesson has provided the students a chance to see the results of the planted corn and bean seeds. Additionally, seeds have been planted under and growing under the following conditions: without water, and without soil. The students see the results of these seeds planted under these conditions for the past week. Two plants in particular have already been grown their growth has been
In conclusion, the major objective of the farmers is to improve his stony and shallow soil. The outcome of the cover crops benefited plant species to access the full soil profile and plants species with deep tap roots and can potentially help to add to compacted soil.