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Sample essay on history of autism
Sample essay on history of autism
Paper on the genetics of autism
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To truly understand nonverbal autism people must take a look at autism first. Autism is defined as “a sever developmental disability characterized by an early age onset, poor social development, impairments in language development, and rigidity in behavior (McLeskey, Rosenberg, & Westling, 2013).” The provenance of autism has been growing in the recent years. In 2012, it was about “1 in 88” children were diagnosed with autism (Pratt, 2014). Now it is up to “1 in 68” children are diagnosed with autism (Culver and Highley, 2014). It is about “1 in 48 boys” are diagnosed and “1 in 189 girls” are diagnosed (Culver and Highley, 2014). So in other words there are about “four more boys diagnosed then girls (Culver and Highley, 2014).” There also “will be more children diagnosed with autism than with AIDS, diabetes, and cancer combined (Culver and Highley, 2014).” Nobody knows what causes a child to have autism. It could be a genetic mutation. “In the 1940’s people believed that it was caused by ‘refrigerator mothers’ (Schmalzried, 2014).” In other words people believed that mothers were to blame for their child having autism because the mother did not care for their children properly. Another person said it was caused by the “child’s parents wishing that their child was not born (Schmalzried, 2014).” Also another recent idea was that the” MMR vaccine was causing autism in children (Schmalzried, 2014).” There are also many characteristics that go along with autism. Many children with autism “statin from eye contact (Schmalzried, 2014).” Children with autism also tend to “rock, flap, spin, and self-stimulate (Schmalzried, 2014).” They also have “sensory issues, a need for repetitive behaviors, and they don’t need physical touch (Schmal...
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Fleischmann, C. (2013). Carly in the Media. Carlys Voice Carly in the Media Comments. Retrieved May 4, 2014, from http://carlysvoice.com/home/carly-in-the-media/
Facilitated Communication. (1995). Facilitated Communication. Retrieved May 4, 2014, from http://www.asha.org/policy/PS1995-00089/
McLeskey, J., Rosenberg, M. S., & Westling, D. L. (2013). Inclusion: effective practices for all students (2nd ed.). Boston: Pearson.
Pratt, D. C. (2014). Autism Awareness Month: Facts and Tips for Working with Individuals on the Autism Spectrum. Autism Awareness Month: Facts and Tips for Working with Individuals on the Autism Spectrum. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://www.iidc.indiana.edu/index.php?pageId=359
Schmalzried, J. (Director) (2014, April 5). Autism. Exceptional Child. Lecture conducted from Huntington University, Huntington.
In 1943, Leo Kanner observed eleven children, each with similar behavioral patterns, and published a paper in which he stared,” The condition differs markedly and uniquely from any reported so far” (Miller). Although many cases of autism, and autism-like disorders appeared before throughout history, no one ever properly defined this disorder until Kanner’s paper. The first said to mention the word autism was Martin Luther during the Protestant Reformation, while describing a severally autistic boy, but this is a doubted speculation. The first to medically coin the term autism was Hans Asperger. Even though, he thought he was observing autism, he was actually observing and describing Asperger Syndrome, which doctors realized was a different disorder in 1981 (“Who discovered Autism?”).
The Autism Spectrum is a mystery. With no cause or cure, researchers have been working hard, to the best of their abilities, to diagnose, treat, and educate those with autism. For centuries, since 1943, with enhanced technology, the view on autism has improved tremendously. New advancements have been developed to diagnose autism earlier, help create more successful treatments, and to help better an educational plan for people with autism.
Sharpe, M. N., & York, J. L. (1994). Effects of inclusion on the academic performance of
Autism is a developmental disorder that appears within the first three years of a child’s life. It affects the brain's normal development of social and communication skills. Autism affects 1 out of 68 children. It is also the fastest growing disability in the United States. There are multiple types of Autism, some children are considered high functioning, and some are low functioning. “High functioning” is when a child with autism can function in life, and completes jobs, and chores with little to no help. “Low functioning” is when a child with autism cannot complete simple daily tasks without help, and (or) constant supervision.
Inclusion strategies that work! Research-based methods for the Classroom. The. p. 2 Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
In the United States, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention reports that between 1 in 80 and 1 in 240, for an average of 1 in 110 children have an autism spectrum disorder, “ASD” (Nirv, Shah 2011). According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, up to six out of every 1,000 children may be diagnosed with some form of autism. In addition, boys are four times more likely than girls to have autism. This means that as many as 1.5 million Americans today are believed to have some form of autism. Unfortunately, the numbers appear to be increasing rapidly. Autism is a disability that frequently appears during the first three years of life. It is the result of a neurological disorder that affects the functioning of the brain and impacts the normal development of the brain in the areas of social interaction and communication skills (Bee & Boyd, 2009). It is the most prevalent developmental disorder to date. Autism is one of five disorders coming under the umbrella of Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD), a category of neurological disorders characterized by "severe and pervasive impairment in several areas of development," including social interaction and communications skills (Zager, 2006). The etiology of autism is a topic of controversial debate, while researchers strive to achieve a common objective. The goal is to identify the cause of autism to understand the complex interplay between environment and gene regulation (NCBI, 2009). Although individuals with autism have existed for many centuries it was not recognized and labeled until mid 20th century. Therefore, early detection, intervention and an individual educational plan are essentials for the progress of ASD.
Two to six children out of every thousand will end up with Autism. Autism is one of the fastest growing disorders with a great amount of studies being put behind it. With its vast amount of different signs and symptoms, different forms, how its treated, and arguments about how exactly the disorder came to be , Austin can very well be one of the most confusing, and researched disorders, for its a disorder that stirs up tons of questions but yet gets hardly any answers. Autism is usually developed between ages of one and three, it effects communication and how the child interacts with others. It is defined by behaviors of the child and “ spectrum disorders” that re different with each person. (About Autism, 2008, para 1). Symptoms of autism can very in many different ways, and even different categories. Take the category of social interaction and relationships symptoms include : non verbal communication development problems such as , eye - to - eye gazing, body language, and facial expressions, failure to make friends with people their own age, lack of interest, and lack of empathy. The category for verbal and non verbal symptoms include : Delay or lack when learning to talk, about forty person of people with autism never speak, problems with starting, and keeping conversations, repetitive use of language, and difficulty understanding what someone is saying. Finally the category of interests and play include : unusual focus on pieces, preoccupation on certain topics, a need for the same routine, and stereotyped behaviors like hand flapping and body rocking.
In the 1950’s many psychoanalysts who followed the Freudian belief system, argued that the condition of autism came from the parents withdrawing from the newborn child. The mother’s mostly being blamed for the infant’s condition. The name they choose for these dysfunctional mother’s was “refrigerator mother’s”, due there cold hearted nature. These women were told that they needed to pay more attention to their children or that they were disciplining them too harshly. Still, there are some theories that are being looked at in the recent years. Such as family genetics that is passed down from one parent to the child and there may also be environmental reasons. No one knows exactly how the environment has caused ADS; some theorize that vaccines are to blame for a sudden onset of ADS. Namely the measles vaccine is said to cause autism by damaging the lining of the stomach. Thimerosal is a preservative found in vaccines it contains mercury and has been linked to this disease. It has also been theorized that receiving too many vaccines at one time damages the immune system therefore causing autism. Research studies with family genetics have been done to identify how many genes are associated with ADS. These studies have revealed irregularities in parts of the brain in people suspected of having ADS. Also there has been a link to low levels of serotonin or other neurotransmitters in the brain that are needed to maintain
Although some people aren’t aware of this fact this is because Autism is not shown publically as much as other disability. Take cancer for example everyone knows about the National cancer society to some extent,but autism not so much. Just as some people may not know that April 2nd is national autism day. The best thing people do is educating yourself on the disability and showing love and public awareness for autism.
Autism is characterized as a developmental disorder that is seen in children by the age of three years old. Autism affects the brains normal, natural development, and causes many impairments. The major impairments that affect an individual are reciprocal socialization, Qualitative impairment in communication, and repetitive or unusual behavior. Signs of Autism can be seen in early infanthood, with proper awareness and resources. An infant child can appear to be adverse to eye contact early on. Some signs in early infancy appear as being indifferent to affection and physical contact. When spoken to, they can appear to be deaf or ignoring the parent or caregiver. Noticing the early red flags of Autism can provide an early intervention and give the child the best chance at learning to tolerate their environment. Children around three years old will display certain signs and symptoms.
Autism was discovered in the early 1900. It was then used to name a range of different neuropsychological conditions. The Term Autism is derived from the word “autos” that in Greek means self. This word was used because Autistic people usually keep to themselves and keep away from social interactions. The first person to use this term was a Eugen Bleuler. He was a Swiss Psychiatrist. He started this in 1911 and he used this to refer to certain symptoms from schizophrenia. The term became used in the USA in the 1940’s. It was then used by a doctor from John Hopkins University to name withdrawn behavior that he observed by children.
Mungai, A., & Kogan, E., (2005). Pathway to inclusion. Voices from the field. United States of America: University Press of America.
Hall, Laura J. (2013) Autism spectrum disorders: from theory to practice – 2nd edition. New York, NY: Pearson. p. 195
There has been an increase in the number of children diagnosed with autism or other autism spectrum disorders. It is likely as an educator that you will have at least one child with this diagnosis in your classroom. This paper explores some of the methods used to teach autistic children.
Inclusion is a basic human right for all students and differences are what make us unique. These differences should be embraced, not shunned. A student with extra educational needs may very well be capable of great things, but only if we, the educators, allow them the chance to be. Inclusion is the way forward