Many psychologists had studied personality in terms growth, societal differences and social relations of the individual. Only a few searched for understanding personality through cognitive responses and its biological mechanisms. Personality in relation to cognitive neuroscience is not well touched due to its complexity and ethical restrains. Cognitive neuroscience aims to search for the neuronal foundation of personality for decades (Bjornebekk, Fjell, Walhovd, Grydeland, and Torgersen, 2013); and personality neuroscience seeks to explain the reason behind the stability of the different patterns of behavior, motivation, emotion and cognition of an individual (Amodio and Harmon-Jones, 2011). In this manner, personality is viewed through the neural correlates of every dispositional traits, characteristics and biological adaptation. This study used the Five Factor Model (FFM) to assess the mental tendencies of an individual and to determine the relationship of the factors, specifically, extraversion and neuroticism, to mental tendencies. The FFM is one of the widely accepted taxonomies of personality and it had been used to study different facets of an individual’s mental health as well as his societal tendencies. The relationship of FFM traits to cognitive neuroscience is unclear as the model was done descriptively and the method used is far more than different from the methods employed in analyzing neural tendencies (Bjornebekk, et. al., 2013). However, the traits that comprise the FFM would be beneficial in understanding the underlying mechanisms that describe every behavior, emotion and intellect of an individual. Current researches used different methods in understanding the neural correlates of the FFM traits. According to t... ... middle of paper ... ...1/j.1751-9004.2010.00327. Gray, J. A., & McNaughton, N. (2000). The Neuropsychology of Anxiety: An Enquiry into the Functions of the Septo-Hippocampal System (Second Edition). New York: Oxford University Press. Kim, S., Hwang, J., Park, H., and Kim, S., (2008). Resting metabolic correlates of neuroticism and extraversion in young men. Neuroreport. 19(8): 883-886. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Retrieved from Omura K, Todd Constable R, Canli T. (2005). Amygdala gray matter concentration is associated with extraversion and neuroticism. Neuroreport. 16(17):1905-8. Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16272876 Sutin AR, Beason-Held LL, Dotson VM, Resnick SM, Costa PT Jr. (2010). The neural correlates of Neuroticism differ by sex prospectively mediate depressive symptoms among older women. J Affect Disord. 127(1-3):241-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.004.
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The orbitofrontal cortex is associated with the limbic system including the amydala, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Association to the limbic system includes the connection to insular cortex, the parahippocampal regions and the hippocampus (Cavada et al., 2000). The limbic system influences the control of behaviour and emotions in an individ...
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Extraversion and its counterpart, introversion, have been the focus of many studies spanning several decades. Carl Jung (date) was the first to describe and document the trait of extroversion-introversion for study. Jung realized that extroversion differed for every person and fell somewhere on a spectrum (Guilford & Braly, 1930). According to J.P. Guilford and Kenneth W. Braly, “Extroversion is based upon a general chemical or metabolic disposition of the nervous system which produces a relative condition of general dissociation, a heightened resistance at the synapses, especially in the higher nervous centers” (Guilford and Braly, 1931). An extroverted person draws their energy from being around people where
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Rammsayer, T. H. (1998). Extraversion and Dopamine: Individual Differences in Response to Changes in Dopaminergic Activity as a Possible Biological Basis of Extraversion. European Psychologist, 3(1), 37-50. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//1016-9040.3.1.37
Personality is massive part of an individual’s identity. Our personalities dictate our patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting. An individual’s personality exposes them to predispositions and habits that influence their actions and lives. Early on, personality assessments consisted of physical features ranging from head shape and facial characteristics to body type. In today’s world, personality assessments are mainly based around traits. Traits are simply descriptions of one’s habitual patterns of behavior, thought and emotion. The most popular personality assessment is the Five-Factor Model, also known as The Big Five. This model allows us to describe people based on the five main traits/dimensions. These traits are extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience. Each of these five traits measures a different aspect of one’s personality. Extraversion is based on one’s level of engagement with the world,
Personality is patterns of thinking, behavior and emotional responses that make up individuality over time. Psychologist attempt to understand how personality develops and its impact on how we behave. Several theories attempt to explain personality, using different approaches. The social-cognitive and humanistic approaches are two of many theories that attempt to explain personality. This essay will identify the main concepts of social-cognitive and humanistic approach, identify perspective differences and discuss approach limitations.
There has yet to be any determining evidence defines the characteristics of extraversion. The experimenters in this particular experiment have hypothesized that the facets of extraversion are somehow linked by reward sensitivity. This hypothesis was also tested against a model in which they are linked by sociability. There has been much work on this topic in the past, beginning with the works of Jung and James in the early 20th century—to the work of Watson and Clark in 1997. And even after a century of study, they are still unable to truly define the characteristics of the extraversion dimension of personality. In the many attempts to define extraversion, Watson and Clark have defined six basic facets of the personality trait. These are: venturesome, affiliation, positive affectivity, energy, ascendance, and ambition. Researchers Depue and Collins, in 1999, also offered a more succinct depiction of the characteristics of extraversion, this only having three basic parts. The first being affiliation, the enjoyment and value of close interpersonal bonds, also being warm and affectionate. The second, agency, being socially dominant, enjoying leadership roles, being assertive and exhibitionistic, and having a sense of potency in accomplishing goals. The final facet being impuslivity, but this one has been argued upon whether it should be included at all in the characteristics of extraversion at all.
A person’s personality has been the subject of psychological scrutiny for many years. Psychologists have drawn up several theories in an attempt to accurately predict and determine one’s personality. Foremost amongst these, is the “Big Five Trait Theory” which stemmed from Raymond B. Cattell’s theory.
The five-factor model includes five broad domains or dimensions of personality that are used to describe human personality. The five factors are openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. While these five traits should be sufficient on their own to describe all facets of a personality, there also should be no correlation between the main factors. The Five Factor Model is now perhaps the most widely use trait theory of personality and has achieved the closest thing to a consensus in personality research. The advantage of this theory is that there have been multiple research studies conducted on this theory. Results suggest that this theory is effective in describing and determining personality. However, this theory is very categorical and does not allow for much flexibility. It also looks at the person personality at that time and now how it developed.
The study of personality traits is beneficial in identifying the many variables that exist from human to human; the combinations of these variables provide us with a true level of individuality and uniqueness. In the field of psychology, trait theory is considered to be a key approach to the study of human personality (Crowne, 2007; Burton, Westen & Kowalski, 2009). This paper aims to identify a number of significant contributors who have played crucial roles in both the development and application of trait theory. This paper then moves focus to these theorists, outlining their theory and analysing both the strengths and weaknesses of those theories. An illustration of the methods used in trait measurement is given and includes the arguments for and against such procedures.
Personality can be defined as an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting. Many personality theorists have put forward claims as to where personality is derived from and how it develops throughout an individual’s life. The two main personality theories this essay will be focusing on is the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) (Bandura, 1986) and the Trait Theory – Five Factor Theory (FFT) (McCrae and Costa, 1995). The SCT allocates a central role to cognitive, observational learning and self-regulatory processes (Bandura, 1986). An individual’s personality develops through experiences with their sociocultural environment. Whereas the Trait Theory proposes that all individuals are predisposed with five traits (Extraversion, Openness, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness and Neuroticism) which determines our personality. This theory also puts forward that personality is stable and cannot change as it’s biologically determined.
The Five-Factor Model of Personality is a system used in order to describe an individual’s personality traits. By requiring said individual to answer a series of questions, this test is able to decipher the traits that are most likely evident within their life. The Five-Factor Model of Personality test gives the test subject a series of situational options. Using the subject’s responses, psychologist match the answers to the personality in which best relates. A highly accurate description of ones’ personality can be easily configured by using the Five-Factor Model of Personality by testing either high or low in the following areas; openness to experience, extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and neuroticism.