As technology scales, Systems-on-Chips (SoCs) are becoming increasingly complex and heterogeneous. One of the most important key issues that characterize such SoCs is the seamless mixing of numerous Intellectual Property (IP) cores performing different functions and operating at different clock frequencies. In just the last few years, Network-on-Chip (NoC) has emerged as a leading paradigm for the synthesis of multi-core SoCs [1]. The routing algorithm used in the interconnection communication NoC is the most crucial aspect that distinguishes various proposed NoC architectures [2], [3]. However, the use of VCs introduces some overhead in terms of both additional resources and mechanisms for their management [4].
Each IP core has two segments to operate in communication and computation modes separately [5]. On-chip packet switched interconnection architectures, called as NoCs, have been proposed as a solution for the communication challenges in these networks [6]. NoCs relate closely to interconnection networks for high-performance parallel computers with multiple processors, in which each processor is an individual chip.
A NoC is a group of routers and switches that are connected to each other on a point to point short link to provide a communication backbone of the IP cores of a SoC. The most common template that proposed for the communication of NoC is a 2-D mesh network topology where each resource is connected with a router [7]. In these networks, source nodes (an IP-Core), generate packets that include headers as well as data, then routers transfer them through connected links to destination nodes [8].
The wormhole (WH) switching technique proposed by Dally and Seitz [9] has been widely used in the interconnections such as [10], [11]. In the WH technique, a packet is divided into a series of fixed-size parts of data, called flits. Wormhole routing requires the least buffering (flits instead of packets) and allows low-latency communication. To avoid deadlocks among messages, multiple virtual channels (VC) are simulated on each physical link [12]. Each unidirectional virtual channel is realized by an independently managed pair of message buffers [13].
This paper presents a new routing algorithm for irregular mesh networks by base that enhances a previously proposed technique. The primary distinction between the previous method and the method presented in this paper is passing messages from ONs in the network. Simulation results show that utilization of network by e-xy and OAPR algorithm is worse than the improved one, i-xy. We have been simulated every three algorithms for 5% and 10% of oversized nodes with uniform and hotspot traffic.
Telecommunications and networking use specialized systems-on-chips, such as network processors, to handle the huge data rates presented by modern transmission equipment.
As the internal PC networks continued to grow and thrive a need to connect disparate facilities together resulted in development of bridges, gateways and ultimately routers for the sole purpose of connecting LANs to other LAN’s located anywhere from several miles to several thousand miles apart. These devices allow disparate interface types to be connected by performing the necessary modifications to the signal and protocols to allow WAN and LAN equipment to understand one another. Because LAN Ethernet and WAN TDM networks were so vastly different in their technical make-up these intermediary devices were needed to allow inter-communication to occur. While the benefits of enterprise connectivity are great, they come at the cost of special hardware, software and application complexity as the speed of the network can change by a factor of 100 between a client and the server (100 Meg bit per second Ethernet to 1.5 Meg bit per second WAN).
However, with the development of switched Ethernet, token ring architectures lagged badly behind Ethernet in both performance and reliability. The higher sales of Ethernet allowed economies of scale which drove down prices further, and added a compelling price advantage to its other advantages over token ring.
In many data centres, latency and jitter are most important metrics. Even the small amount of delay can cause a bad impact on network performance. To reduce jitter and delay in a network cut through architecture is required.
3COM offers a wide variety of networking solutions. From Switches to Hubs to Gateways, 3COM is one of the frontrunners in the networking industry. In this comparison of Fast Ethernet Networks and Gigabit Ethernet Networks, before discussing the similarities with the various components and their respective operations, we must discuss the differences between the two.
Switches, which are layer 2 devices, use decision based routing by storing NIC hardware addresses and port numbers on a table in the switch. By doing this, when data is received by the switch, it knows where the source was, and where the data needs to go. This allows for faster data transmission for all NICS that are connected, because it uses the swi...
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model is essential to the world of computer networking. The model was created in 1977 by the International Standards Committee, in response to a difficulty that was facing computer networkers at the time (Shelly, Cashman, and Serwatka 142). In order to understand the difficulty, one must first realize that computer networks consist of computer hardware, the software that is to be used in conjunction with this hardware, and the medium (such as wiring or cabling) that will interconnect the computing devices that are in the network. The computer networker’s job is to determine which hardware, software, and medium types will create the network that will best suit his client’s needs. Then, the networker must combine these elements into a functional system of interconnected computers (Fortino and Villeneuve 112). It was in attempting this latter task that the computer networker of the late 1970s often found himself in a pickle. The problem was that each vendor of computing equipment had developed his own unique set of products; products that were incompatible with the products of other vendors. This incompatibility made it very difficult for a computer networker to combine the various network components into an operational computer network (Stamper 27).
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a link-state routing protocol which uses link state routing algorithm for Internet Protocol (IP) networks.Using OSPF, th convergence of a network can be done in very few seconds, loop-free paths can be guaranteed and better load-sharing on external links can be achievd. Every change in the topology of the network is identified within seconds using OSPF and it instantaneously computes the “shortest path tree” for every route using “Dijkstra's algorithm” . For that reason, OSPF requires a router which have a more powerful processor and more memory than any other routing protocols which leads to more elect...
So far, only circuit-switched networks have provided the differentiated services and guarantees required by many of these applications. But a new technology called Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) is changing all that. With MPLS, you can support all the above applications on an IP network without having to run large subsets of the network with completely different transport mechanisms, routing protocols, and addressing plans.
Perhaps the most redundant, fault-tolerant of all network topologies is the mesh LAN. Each node is connected to every other node for a true point-to-point connection between every device on the network.
Next, the writer goes over the second type of network architecture - the TCP/IP reference model, the granddaddy of the wide area computer network. This architecture allows the connection of multiple networks seamlessly. The architecture is flexible and capable of running even if some of the subnet hardware is destroyed or non-functional as long as the source and destination machines are functioning. In a similar fashion to the OSI model, the TCP/IP model has layers as well. In this case, we have four layers: the link
Before the introduction of I2C bus method, the method that was used for inter-IC communication was via a parallel 8 bit wide bus. This bus structure, which is also used to connect memory and peripherals to CPUs, requires apart from eight data lines for the data transfer, several lines for addressing specific peripheral ICs. When Philips introduced I2C this not only reduced the necessary area on the printed circuit boards but also the costs involved. This method reduced the number of communication lines to only two. Philips managed to reduce the number of data lines of the I2C bus by switching from parallel to synchronous serial communication.
A Mesh topology is a style of connecting computers in a network in a fashion where every link has a redundant path. A mesh topology is also known as a self healing network in that if a segment of the network fails for what ever reason then the data can still be transmitted across another linked path. This would include possibly hoping across a few extra network segments to reach the destination but it would be able to do it. This redundancy of course comes with a price for the extra pathing that would be incurred to ensure that every node will be able to see every other node.
The primary goal in routing multicast connections is to make efficient use of the network resources and to establish fast connections for data transmission. The network is often defined by a graph G(V,E) . Multicast routing protocols are been used in practical systems such as multicast backbone(M bone).M bone chooses the shortest path to each destination using the IP routing mechanism.Multicast routing in ATM Switch performs two basic functions such as switch and queuing.
Computers in technological development demand more efficient networking. In a very short period it has changed the way we have looked at things since centuries. It is one industry that is going to shape our future for centuries to come Coming from a background of Electronics and Communication Engineering, I have developed an interest to probe into the area of Networking and Computer Networks. Hence I wish to do Masters in Computer Science (CS) as my major.