According to sports, golf become more popular in our society, many people are practice it and other play golf as a hobby. This research will be about golf and the negative affect that cause to society in past or even today. Golfing aims a lot of discrimination among women, it provided racism and the cost of this sport creates tension between social classes.
In past, golf provided racism and only white people could have access to it. The article, “Race Relations And The Sports Of Golf: The African American Legacy”, by Marvin P. Dawkins demonstrates that Americans exploited and exclude the African American slaves to participate in white-controlled sports. African American formed their own organization in sports like basketball or baseball. The desegregation of race relations in sports starts to increase after World War 2 (Dawkins 327). It was not the case of golf. Firstly, the author examines the development of black golf in America. Golf was the last major sport to remove the black participation at professional levels. The first black professional golfer was John Shippen. He competed in many USGA tournaments. Also, he professional golf association exclude blacks for becoming members in 1916 (Dawkins 328). This restriction was not removed until 1961. Moreover, many of black clubs was fighting against discrimination in golf. In 1950’s, middle-class blacks create the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. The black elite led in developing their organization to promote golf among African American. “Little progress had been made in terms of significant increase in the number of African American playing on PGA tour since Sifford gained full PGA membership status in 1964” (Dawkins 329). However, racism against backs ...
... middle of paper ...
...cy." Western Journal Of Black Studies 28.1 (2004): 327-331. Academic Search Premier. Web. 18 Sept. 2013.
Donna A. Lopiano “Modern Hisory of Women In Sports” Clinics in Sports Medicine19.2 (2000): 163-173. Academic Search Premier. Web. 1 April. 2000.
Kirsch, George B. "Municipal Golf And Civil Rights In The United States, 1910-1965." Journal Of African American History 92.3 (2007): 371-391. Academic Search Premier. Web. 11 Nov. 2013.
McGinnis, Lee Phillip, James W. Gentry, and Julia McQuillan. "Ritual-Based Behavior That Reinforces Hegemonic Masculinity In Golf: Variations In Women Golfers' Responses." Leisure Sciences 31.1 (2009): 19-36. Academic Search Premier. Web. 18 Sept. 2013.
Napton, Darrell E., and Christopher R. Laingen. "Expansion Of Golf Courses In The United States." Geographical Review 98.1 (2008): 24-41. Academic Search Premier. Web. 11 Nov. 2013.
One of the major stands that were made during a black athlete’s tenure during his or her sport were their statements on racism. Racism in America was an ongoing situation in the 1900’s that seemed to have no resolve before black athletes took a stand. One prime example can be Jackie Robinson who became the first African-American athlete to play baseball in the modern era. Jackie grew up in one of the most racist towns in Pasadena, California and came from a poor family as his parents were sharecroppers and...
For much of the 20th century, African-American citizens had been disenfranchised throughout the South and the entire United States, they were regarded as inferior second-class citizens. Despite efforts to integrate society, the political and economic systems were meant to continue the cycle of oppression against African-Americans, throughout the south and indirectly yet ever present in the north. These laws of segregation, otherwise known as Jim Crow laws, applied to almost every aspect of southern American society, including sports. During this time period, African-American athletes had to resort to second class organizational leagues to play in, this included the famous baseball player Jackie Robinson. Much of this institutionalized racism is described in John R. M. Wilson’s Jackie Robinson and the American Dilemma.
All groups noted above didn’t have a place in this era of baseball; they were on the other side of the race barrier. With the growing of the sport arose a lack of a cheap talent pool. Segregation hindered the ability to introduce cheap talent from other races. The management of teams was looking for a solution in order to widen the talent pool for their respective leagues. People began to notice talent in the “American colonies” like Cuba, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and the Philippines; it seemed as if everywhere there was an American presence there were talented ball players. Even before America was involved in these nations, America had begun to envision the game as intercultural exchange that would build relations. The decision to include Latinos into the leagues allowed an expansion of the talent pool while still barring African Americans from participating in organized baseball. A racial structure established during Jim Crow upholds the notion of a color line as an exclusionary measure to prevent the influence of blacks into the game that represents American
"Over the decades, African American teams played 445-recorded games against white teams, winning sixty-one percent of them." (Conrads, pg.8) The Negro Leagues were an alternative baseball group for African American baseball player that were denied the right to play with the white baseball payers in the Major League Baseball Association. In 1920, the first African American League was formed, and that paved the way for numerous African American innovation and movements. Fences, and Jackie Robinson: The Biography, raises consciousness about the baseball players that have been overlooked, and the struggle they had to endure simply because of their color.
The Civil Rights Era impacted the realm of sports in a great and powerful way. Throughout the mid 1900s, many minority athletes emerged through all odds and began to integrate themselves in the white dominated athletic business. These athletes endured constant hardships in order to achieve their goals and dreams; facing much racism, segregation, and violence. Minorities across the country began to look up to these sportsmen and realized that anybody could attain greatness despite the social troubles of the time. Stories depicting the struggles of minority athletes soon arose and grew popular among different cultures. These true accounts passed from generation to generation, each admiring the courage and bravery of athletes and how important they became in obtaining an equal society. Producers and directors soon found a way to revolutionize the film industry by retelling the racial discrimination that minority athletes faced. Remember the Titans, The Perfect Game, 42, and The Express are all examples of how minority athletes overcame racial adversities in order to obtain the championship. These Hollywood movies contain many inaccuracies that draw away from the true impact minority athletes had during the Civil Right Era. Although these films do depict the racial components of the time, they do not depict the accurate occurrences of the stories they try to recreate.
Diana is an excellent illustration of the many struggles of women to find a place for themselves in sports. On an individual level, defying societal stereotypes is extremely difficult. The buriers that the first person must overcome are often extreme. However once the first person breaks down those buriers, it becomes increasingly easier for others to follow in their footsteps. Diana's struggle demonstrates both how far women have come and how far women still have to go.
Fagrell, B., Larsson, H., & Redelius, K. (2012). The game within the game: girls' underperforming position in Physical Education.Gender & Education, 24(1), 101-118. doi:10.1080/09540253.2011.582032
Baseball was on its way to becoming the nations number on sport.The setting is in 1860 African American got to see clubs and do those clubs for those 60 years.My interesting facts I liked to the Shut Out is the clubs African American got to see and do. Also, there were sports to fight that was dangerous.The problem is African American didn’t get to play baseball.The
Shropshire, Kenneth L. 1996. In black and white: race and sports in America. New York: New York University Press.
Karenga, Malauna. Introduction to Black Studies. Los Angeles: University of Sankore Press Third Edition, 2002.
Miller, Patrick B. Wiggins, David K. Sport and the color line: Black athletes and Race relations in Twentieth-century America. 2004. The Journal of Southern History 70 (4) (Nov 2004): 990.
Ever since the creation of Major League Baseball (MLB), baseball has always been considered part of America’s pastime. A crucial role of American society was also included in baseball, segregation. The color barrier in baseball was broken on April 15, 1947 by the Brooklyn Dodgers when Jackie Robinson stepped on the field for his first at bat. With such a large part of American society now becoming integrated, many Americans were questioning their emotions, some were inspired by such an act of courage and others were filled with hatred towards a minority. “Professional baseball has become the laboratory to test American principles of equality and fairness.” , with this being said, baseball was a way for American’s to test the limits and their
Ever since the creation of Major League Baseball (MLB), baseball has always been considered part of America’s pastime. A crucial role in American society was also included in baseball, segregation. The color barrier in baseball was broken on April 15, 1947 by the Brooklyn Dodgers when Jackie Robinson stepped on the field for his first at bat. With such a large part of American society now becoming integrated, many Americans were questioning their emotions, some were inspired by such an act of courage and others were filled with hatred towards a minority. “Professional baseball has become the laboratory to test American principles of equality and fairness.” with this being said, baseball was a way for American’s to test the limits and their social tolerance. With the Brooklyn Dodgers, one of the most popular teams in baseball, integrating the roster of baseball, it created hope for people, that one day they were going to be able to witness the end of segregation in the United States.
Throughout his professional career, Jackie Robinson, received criticism for being the first “black” player to play the game. Not only did Jackie Robinson manage to live up to the criticism, he also changed the face of America’s greatest past time forever. With his entrance into the MLB he opened the path for great black players like Hank Aaron, Roberto Clemente, Willie Mays, and Ozzie Smith just to name a few. In crossing the color-barrier in baseball Robinson not only strived as a great player on the field, but also a inspiration to the black community of the field with his humility, and willingness to move forward in a time where blacks were not considered “equal”.
Dealing with the issue of sport and ethnology, three major factors come to mind; prejudice, racism, and discrimination. These factors span across gender, ethnic, racial, religious, and cultural groups. In the following paragraphs, I will discuss how these factors have played a part in the evolution of sport in our society. The first issue tackled in this paper will be racism in sports, followed by prejudice and discrimination.