Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
Enlargement of eu and nato
Integration of the European Union
Relationship between NATO and the EU
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: Enlargement of eu and nato
Policy analysis
National Security Concept of Estonia
The National Security Concept (NSC) sees international co-operation as the primary source of security, since “NATO serves as the cornerstone of European security and defence.” [p.4] Therefore, I will first analyse the NSC using the regional framework. In addition, I will use the sectoral approach to analyse the main areas affecting both internal and international security environment, which according to the NSC are “political, military, economic, technical, societal and environmental spheres." [p.5]
International and regional security
The NSC sees security as the “objective and outcome of international co-operation” [p.3]. Therefore, the means to achieve security is through co-operation with NATO and the European Union, as well as with other international partners. The involvement of the United States in the European security co-operation is a central element for the security of Estonia according to the NSC. It is in Estonia’s interest that the international authority of the EU is enhanced by a political dialogue between the EU and NATO. This co-operation is seen as a means to advance security in the regional European as well as on a global level and helps protect European and transatlantic interests.
Therefore, the NSC shows that Estonia is integrated to the European/Transatlantic security region. Although the importance of good bilateral relations with Russia is mentioned, much more emphasis is put on how Russia relates to EU and NATO. Good EU-Russia relations are seen as an insurance of European security and well-being in light of the increasing mutual interdependence. However, NATO-Russia relations are perceived as more problematic since NATO’s growing role is co...
... middle of paper ...
...t of the interconnectedness of the electronic communication systems with other critical services, insufficient protection of ICT systems or inadequate response capabilities increase the effect of threats originating from malfunction or attack. Cyber attacks are considered one of the most serious asymmetric threats in the NSC, along with terrorism and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Cyberspace may be used for inciting tension and conflicts within the society. [p.8] Since the challenges relating to cyber security do not fall under the purview of Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty and cyber attacks have not been categorised amongst conventionally regarded acts of war, cyber defence has remained a national responsibility: "Cyber security is reinforced through the implementation of national action plans and the renewal of legal regulation." [p.18]
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is an alliance of 26 countries from North America and Europe committed to fulfilling the goals of the North Atlantic Treaty signed on April 4 1949. The fundamental goal of NATO is to safeguard the freedom and security of its member countries by political and military means. NATO links North America and Europe by providing a forum in which the United States, Canada and European countries can consult together on security issues of common concern and take joint action in addressing them.
One of EUCOM's primary roles is to strengthen NATO's collective defense and assist its transformation since the fall of the Soviet Union. This is accomplished through building partner capacity to enhance transatlantic security. EUCOM supports American interests in Europe as outlined in the National Security Strategy:
According to Kissinger, Wilson had dreamed of a “Community of Power” that would collectively provide international security. This community would come to be known as the “League of Nations.” Thanks in great part to Wilson’s grand vision, global cooperation is now being achieved through organizations such as the United Nations (UN) and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). International organizations like the UN and NATO have deep Wilsonian roots. Since 2004, NATO has added nine Baltic states to the organization (making a total of 28 members), which has arguably strengthened security cooperation efforts in that region. It is apparent Wilson’s dream of a “Community of Power” has persevered, due to the continued U.S. practice of promoting democracy as an instrument of conflict
International organizations such as NATO and the UN are essential not only for global peace, but also as a place where middle powers can exert their influence. It is understandable that since the inception of such organizations that many crises have been averted, resolved, or dealt with in some way thro...
ABSTRACT: The United States and the European Union share common values, economic interests, and security challenges. The expansion of the European Union into the countries which were under the Soviet sphere of influence continues to complicate the internal border security of the European Union. Given the liberalization of trade within the EU and in turn into the US, the port and border security of each trading partner is connected in this global economy. This paper examines some of the border security issues facing the EU and how these challenges affect the United States. Particular interest is paid to the porous borders of the former Warsaw Pact countries given their habitual, Cold War trading partners. The EU must strengthen its executive authority in order to enforce external border security in order to maximize its internal free trade zone. The national leaders within the EU will continue to resist the increasing strength of the EU Commission and the decreasing sovereignty of the member states. This paper was originally submitted on 5 August 2004 as the final project for Bush 689-200 Structure and Policy of the European Union, taught by Dr. Klaus L. Aurisch.
The only counter measures taken so far that have been revealed is that the 300 Internet addresses were shut down in May 2010. The very recent public notification of this cyber-attack will continue to unfold and new implemented strategies to prevent a reoccurance remain to be seen. As a patriot of this great nation, what has been presented is of extreme, if not grave, concern. The challenges of cyberculture to our nation’s security have been revealed. To what extent our security has been breached is a matter of speculation but be informed that these breaches must be met with complete counter-active success - failure to do so is not an option. .
The author doesn’t forget to mention the relationship between USA and NATO. He thinks that Americans welcome NATO as a weapon for America’s affairs, not of the world’s. In his final words, it is suggested that either Europe should invite USA to leave NATO or Europe should expel America from it.
(1) After the end of World War II, all involved countries, with no exception of being victorious or defeated, have started seeking of the prevention of a new disaster by reconstructing and maintaining the security and peace primarily in Europe. All huge and disastrous events (such as World Wars) which affected whole world were originated from the uncomfortable conditions and conflicts in the continent. Thus the main task was to settle a mechanism that would eliminate any emerging threat against the continental security and maintain the order and peace. For this purpose, in 1949 West European countries established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in order to protect the member countries against any possible attack which was primarily expected from the East European Countries led by the Soviet Union. During the Cold War, NATO’s primary goal was to circumvent any aggression held by the iron-curtain countries. Military deterrence (by developing high-tech and nuclear weapons and locating them to the eastern frontier of the Alliance, Germany and Turkey) was the main strategy in preventing any large-scale attack from the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact countries. By the end of Cold War many debates were made and still is going on whether the Alliance completed its mission in the territory. In spite of all, The North Atlantic Treaty has continued to guarantee the security of its member countries ever since. Today, following t...
The Cold War did not directly involve Europe, but Europe and its various states were key players and key sources of tension between the two great powers, the USSR and the United States of America. The dates of the beginning and end of the Cold War are debated but 1947-1991 is generally agreed upon. In this paper, I will attempt to outline the events of the Cold War which were relevant to Europe and how this affected European integration and relations. ‘Integration’ here refers to the process of transferring powers of decision-making and implantation from national to supranational level. Europe was weakened after World War Two, especially in contrast with the USSR and the USA. Traditional European hegemony was at an end and Europe had to find a new dynamic without becoming involved in conflict with the two new superpowers.
Europe has been militarily weak since World War II, but it remained unnoticed because of the unique geopolitical context of the Cold War: it was the strategic pivot between the United States and the Soviet Union. With the "new Europe", in 1990s, everybody agreed that Europe will rest...
Over the years the endurance of NATO has led to closer ties among its members and to a growing community of interests. The treaty itself has provided a model for other collective security agreements. NATO activities are no longer small only to Europe. In
NATO is an intergovernmental military alliance between the two continents of Europe and America which is formed to safeguard the peace and security developing a link among t...
Geissmann, Hans J. 2001. “The Underrated OSCE” Working paper presented for Consultation on NATO Nuclear Policy, National Missile Defence & Alternative Security Arrangements in Ottowa, Canada. http://www.ploughshares.ca/libraries/WorkingPapers/Simons%20Conf%20Ottawa/Giessmann.html
The nation has become dependent on technology, furthermore, cyberspace. It’s encompassed in everything we deliver in our daily lives, our phones, internet, communication, purchases, entertainment, flying airplane, launching missiles, operating nuclear plants, and implicitly, our protection. The more ever-growing technology empower Americans, the more they become prey to cyber threats. The United States Executive Office of the President stated, “The President identified cybersecurity as one of the top priorities of his administration in doing so, directed a 60-day review to assess polices.” (United States Executive Office of the President, 2009, p.2). Furthermore, critical infrastructure, our network, and internet alike are identified as national assets upon which the administration will orchestrate integrated cybersecurity policies without infringing upon and protecting privacy. While protecting our infrastructure, personal privacy, and civil liberties, we have to keep in mind the private sector owns and operates the majority of our critical and digital infrastructure.
Cybercrime is a global issue plaguing the world. The dictionary defines cybercrime as “crime conducted via the Internet or some other computer network”(Merriam-Webster). The definition remains very broad because the word “cyber” is defined as “relating to the culture of computers, information technology, and virtual reality.” Due to the growing number of people gaining access to the internet, rapid development of technology, and the globalization of the world, more of the world population is becoming susceptible to involvement in cybercrime – whether it be as a victim or a criminal. Cybercrime involves different levels of the world on both the victim and criminal side from an individual citizen, to small groups, businesses, and the government, to the countries of the world. There are different groups from law enforcement agencies to the U.S. Secret Service, that are attempting to combat the problem through cooperation and preemptive efforts. If these groups combined with the public to protect themselves and the country from criminals that commit cybercrime, the nation’s network and technology servers would be much safer for technology users. Clearly, cybercrime is a problem because it puts internet users at risk of being taken advantage of or harmed.