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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Born from the Niagara Movement, led by William E. B. DuBois, the NAACP has had a volatile birth and a lively history (Beifuss 17:E4). The impetus for the creation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People came in the summer of 1908. Severe race riots in Springfield, Illinois, prompted William English Walling to write articles questioning the treatment of the Negro. Reading the articles, Mary White Ovington and Dr. Henry Moskowitz were compelled to meet with Walling. Consequently, the three along with a group of black and white citizens had considered the present state of the Negro, disfranchised in the South and taxed while going unrepresented in the government, a national conference needed to be held to answer the "Negro
Question" (Jenkins). It was then that the idea of NAACP was created.
February 12, 1909, Lincoln's birthday, a conference to review the progress that the nation made since Emancipation Proclamation and to celebrate
Lincoln's birthday took place; Thereupon, a statement, now known as "The Call", was released. This statement reiterated the treatment of the black race since
1865. Many notable figures in history signed "The Call" , e.g., Ida Wells
Barnett, Jane Adams, W.E.B. DuBois and John Dewey. In a matter of two months, another conference was held. As a result of that conference, the NAA...
Students form student government associations to represent and voice the needs and wants of the student body. Rappers travel with entourages, and preachers have amen corners. Surrounding one's self with a cluster of like-minded individuals creates a comfortable atmosphere, that fosters confidence, and makes an individual and his/her ideas appear more credible. People have a tendency to connect with others that have common interests and goals. It is easier to fight for a particular cause, when there are people in your corner, who believe in what you believe in. This has been the case throughout history. Baptist Students created the Baptist Student Alliance (BSA), Homosexuals join GLAAD, the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Deformation and women in the LWV (League of Women Voter's) fight for women's rights and encourage active participation of citizens in government. Black people have participated in and created numerous movements and organizations as well. Marcus Garvey's Back to Africa campaign instilled a sense of pride in black people who quoted the Garvey coined phrase "Black is Beautiful." The Black Panther's militant views excited black folk, and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference was a major player in the civil rights movement. Individuals dedicate themselves and their time to organization in order to encourage and create positive change. Though organizations provide structure and a support system they often face their own set of issues, while trying to solve the big problem.
Founded on October 15th 1966 in Oakland, California, the Black Panther Party for Self Defense was an organization opposed to police brutality against the black community. The Party’s political origins were in Maoism, Marxism, and the radical militant ideals of Malcolm X and Che Guevara. From the doctrines of Maoism they saw the role of their Party as the frontline of the revolution and worked to establish a unified alliance, while from Marxism they addressed the capitalist economic system, and exemplified the need for all workers to forcefully take over means of production (Baggins, Brian). Mao was important to the Black Panthers because of his different stance on Marxism-Leninism when applied to Chinese peasants. The founders of the Black Panther Party, Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale saw links between the Chinese peasants and the oppression of blacks in America and used Mao’s “little red book” as a guideline for social revolution (Baggins, Brian).
Through the history of African Americans in America, few political moments were more important than the formation of the Congressional Black Caucus. The thirteen black members of the House of Representatives founded the CBC in 1969. Their goal was to establish a voice for African Americans who felt forgotten and downtrodden. One early goals of the Black Caucus was to end the Apartheid in South Africa. During the early years of the organization, there was strife internally and externally. After the Reconstruction of America, African Americans were without organization amongst their representation in Congress until the establishment of the Congressional Black Caucus.
On February 12th The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was founded by a multiracial group of activists, who answered "The Call," in the New York City, NY. They initially called themselves the National Negro Committee. Founded in 1909 The NAACP, or National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, has been active in its attempts to break legal ground and forge better opportunities for African Americans. At the beginning in 1909, some twenty persons met together in New York City for the purpose of utilizing the public interest in the Lincoln Centennial in behalf of African Americans. The history, function, purpose, and current activities of the organization is important.to work on behalf of the rights of colored people including Native Americans, African Americans and Jews. (Janken 2003)
Once you have began to sit in the half lotus position and your eyes have closed, begin to several deep breaths. Inhale through your nose and exhale through your mouth. Do this several times taking deep breaths. Place your attention on the way you are breathing. Think about inhaling and exhaling as you do those things. Your inhales should fill your lungs capacity to the point that you can feel the air expanding your body around your belly. Once you have taken several deep breaths,
Prior to the Civil War, African Americans were treated as second class individuals. They lacked the freedom and equality they sought for. To the African Americans, the Civil War was a war of liberation. Contrary to what African Americans perceived, Southerners viewed the war as an episode of their journey to salvation. Southern lands may have been destroyed and depleted, but the South was persistent that their racial order would not be disrupted. To most, the goals of the Reconstruction era were to fully restore the Union, and to some, grant emancipation and liberty to former slaves. Although the newly freedmen gained various rights and liberties, their naïve dreams of complete equality and liberation collapsed due to the immense resistance of the South.
NAACP The civil rights movement in the United States has been a long, primarily nonviolent struggle to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all Americans. It has been made up of many movements, though it is often used to refer to the struggles between 1945 and 1970 to end discrimination against African-Americans and to end racial segregation, especially in the U.S. South. It focuses on that particular struggle, rather than the comparable movements to end discrimination against other ethnic groups within the United States or those struggles, such as the women's liberation, gay liberation, and disabled rights movements, that have used similar tactics in pursuit of similar goals. The civil rights movement has had a lasting impact on United States society, both in its tactics and in increased social and legal acceptance of civil rights. One of the most important organizations of this era was the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People).
The Black Panther Party were an African American organization that formed in 1966 to try to end racism and inequality for all black people. They were a help at the time and supported civil rights for African Americans, but used more violence to support their cause. They fought for freedom for all discriminated black people. Then later on, new Black Panther Party’s formed to support their original cause.
In the beginning of 1968, after selling Mao's Red Book to university students in order to buy shotguns, the Party makes the book required reading. Meanwhile, the FBI, under J. Edgar Hoover, begins a program called COINTELPRO (counterintelligence program) to break up the spreading unity of revolutionary groups that had begun solidifying through the work and examaple of the Panthers; the Peace and Freedom Party, Brown Berets, Students for a Democratic Society, the SNCC, SCLC, Poor People's March, Cesar Chavez and others in the farm labor movement, the American Indian Movement, Young Puerto Rican Brothers, the Young Lords and many others. To destroy the party, the FBI begins with a program of surgical assassinations; killing leading members of the party who they know cannot be otherwise subverted. Following these mass killings would be a series of arrests, followed by a program of psychological warfare, designed to split the party both politically and morally through the use of espionage, provocatures, and chemical warfare.
"The Black Panther Party for Self-Defense knew what they wanted. They were young. They were black. They couldn't be ignored. Their ten-point platform was just the beginning of an unforgettable period in the history of this nation's civil rights movement. By 1967 the Black Panthers had established themselves as a force to be reckoned with. Their ideas, their agenda, their fight for equality for African Americans, put these outspoken youth on the map of American politics." (Haskins) Almost 40 years ago, in 1966, Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale led a revolution that was driven in response to the oppression of black people. They sought to change that. Today, thanks to their fight for civil rights, extreme risks, and development of social needs, people around the world can enjoy some of their modifications, such as free breakfast programs. The formation and movements of the Black Panther Party were directed by the F.B.I, who sought to bring every party member down; as well as their radical alliances, such as The Resistance, (which kindled the rebirth of the party during hard times), and the brave women who joined the party, such as Afeni Shakur, stood up for their rights in a time in which Americas looked down on women as less than equals helped their cause.
National Organization for Women The National Organization for Women (NOW) is the largest feminist activists’ interest group in the United States that seeks to protect the individual rights of women. The influential success of NOW can be understood through the following factors. Its’ concrete background; nearly half century worth of history as foundation; well structured organization; membership incentives; the function and approach of NOW/PAC and NEP; up to date Statement of Purpose; high priority to key issues that benefits society as a whole; and lastly the services that NOW provides on the global scale. NOW currently has 500,000 active members and 550 chapters throughout the 50 states and District of Columbia.
Black Panther Party “We knew, as a revolutionary vanguard, repression would be the reaction of our oppressors, but we recognized that the task of the revolutionist is difficult and his life is short. We were prepared then, as we are now, to give our all in the interest of oppressed people” (Baggins). Radical and provocative, the 60’s was an era of complete political and social upheaval. Although the Civil Rights Act of 1964 had banned the discrimination of people based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, the execution of this act were initially proven weak. Unlike other national organizations or campaigns against the U.S. government, the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense remains the only organization to take a militant stance, frequently seen campaigning armed and proudly wielding weapons.
In the late 1960's and early '70's posters of the Black Panther Party's co-founder, Huey P. Newton were plastered on walls of college dorm rooms across the country. Wearing a black beret and a leather jacket, sitting on a wicker chair, a spear in one hand and a rifle in the other, the poster depicted Huey Newton as a symbol of his generation's anger and courage in the face of racism and classism. He is the man whose intellectual capacity and community leadership abilities helped to found the Black Panther Party (BPP). Newton played an instrumental role in refocusing civil rights activists to the problems of urban Black communities. He also tapped the rage and frustration of urban Blacks in order to address social injustice. However, the FBI's significant fear of the Party's aggressive actions would not only drive the party apart but also perpetuated false information regarding the Panther's programs and accomplishments.
The third way to reduce criminality and delinquency amongst the black youth is to educate them about the system itself. When our youth do not understand their rights within the system, it is so easy to have them sucked up into the criminal justice system and a statistic. African Americans have been wrongly convicted of crimes since slavery. It got even worse after slavery, during the reconstruction years. Many African Americans were lynched for crimes that they did not commit. Today, there are many innocent African American men who are behind bars for crimes that had nothing to do with them. Racially disparate treatment has permeated the United States criminal justice system throughout history. During the Jim Crow era, trials consisted of racial
tips of my fingers and my thumbs form a W shape), bending my knees as