Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
world order crisis in east timor
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: world order crisis in east timor
For the pioneering writers, the East Timorese participation in politics starts only in 1974, when they created the three political parties. Their accounts of the period until 1978 are generally reiterations of Jill Jolliffe’s view, and the center of discussion is usually FRETILIN and its armed wing – the Portuguese speaking leading vehicle of the resistance. In more recent works (of Taylor, Dun, and Robinson), the narrative ends with the international intervention in 1999 or the Restoration of Independence in 2002. And their agendas are “human-rights violation,” “freedom,” “nationalism,” “genocide,” and “self-determination.” This type of scholarship was culminated in the final report of the Commission of Reception, Truth, and Reconciliation.
Such has been the context that Akihisa Matsuno pointed out that an ethnic history of the East Timorese has never been written as all the writers were concerned about “East Timor Issue” as an international conflict, and wrote its history as an extension of Australian or Indonesian history. He rightly pointed out that the independence of East Timor in 2002 was possible not only because of international support, but the more essential was the persistent resistance of the East Timorese people. Though his study was concerned roughly the same period and similar political issues, he tried to shift the center of argument to the Timorese who participated in the resistance. He succeeded in providing a more comprehensive account of interrelations among the Indonesian military, pro-Indonesian Timorese militia, FRETILIN guerrillas, the Church, youth organizations, and Timorese students who studied in Indonesia. This was enabled by his use of sources written by East Timorese activists, guerrillas, and...
... middle of paper ...
...s led by “Indonesian” exiles from West Timor. In 1975, about 1000 East Timorese moved to West Timor trying to fled from FRETILIN’s persecution. UN’s reports indicate that in 1999 and 2006 – times of conflicts – thousands of East Timorese fled to West side.
an interview with Masamichi Kijima「陸軍主計中尉としてみた東ティモール(East Timor: Observed by an Accountant Lieutenant of the Army)」, interviewed by Kanichi Gotou, recorded in 「証言集 - 日本軍占領下のインドネシア(Testimonies: Indonesia under Japanese Army’s Occupation)」, インドネシア日本占領期史料フォーラム 1991.
From Interview with Maria Patty-Noach, Kupang, 30 June 2000. Cited in Steven Farram, “The PKI in West Timor and Nusa Tenggara Timur 1965 and beyond” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Vol. 166, No. 4 (2010), pp. 381-403. The author added “This is by no means a solitary opinion and has been heard by the author many times in West Timor.”
The aim of this book by Bui Diem with David Chanoff is to present the Vietnam War told from a South Vietnamese perspective. The large-scale scope of the work concerns the fighting between North and South Vietnam over which party would run the country and wanting to become an independent state free from the Western powers. Diem's memoir contains in-depth details about his life and politics in Vietnam in 1940-1975. The book serves as a primary source in documenting the events in Vietnam during the war and as an autobiography of Diem's life. The purpose of this book is to give insight of the war through Diem's eyes and how it affected his life.
Sabin, Burritt. "The War's Legacy [sic]: Dawn of a tragic era", Japan Times, February 8, 2004 (
Kyi Suu San Aung. "The Quest of Democracy." Reading The World: Ideas That Matter, edited
Most people in the world have not heard of the genocide going on in Laos today. Most people have not taken notice, read about it or bother to spend more than thirty seconds of their lives learning about it. The world has managed to almost entirely ignore the genocide of the Hmong people in Laos for over 30 years and still allows this crime against humanity to continue. Since the 1970s, the ethnic Hmong people in the Southeast Asian country of Laos have been persecuted by the Laotian government (Malakunas, 2000). This harassment is a direct result of the Hmong’s link to the Central Intelligence Agency in the United States in what has become to be known as the Secret War (Malakunas, 2000). The Laotian government officials directing this massacre have not been detained due to lack of evidence (Sommer P.4).
1. G.C.K. Gwassa, John Iffle, Records of the Maji Maji Uprising, Sources of Twentieth-century Global History (Copyright 2002 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved) Pg. 14-17
Towle, Philip, Margaret Kosuge, and Yoichi Kibata, Japanese Prisoners of War. London: Hambledon and London, 2000.
Dentan, Robert Knox. 1968. The Semai: A Nonviolent People of Malaya. Orlando, FL: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
... Horrendously for Philippines and Hawaii, their resources and people are the target of western imperialism, capitalism, racism, industrialization, and military power in the name of ‘democracy’. Against their will, these people must endure imposed western ideology, and sacrifice their life in the fights for self-government. On the other hand, those who came armed with intentions would use any means possible to get what they came for. For some conniving characters seeking self-fortunes, and protecting their own interest, they walk a fine line of morality. Where they can not apply forces, propaganda is their powerful allied. This is an endless cycle of how empire rises and falls. What goes down in history for future generation is the doctrines of the why and the how to go about obtaining the resources that enable one nation to rise or fall.
The Vietnamese people’s movement was very well coordinated during the Pacification period. The rebellion was not only led by court mandarins, but also by private scholars. The moral and military power of some of the rebel ...
Kingston begins with a brief introduction of the American occupation of Japan following World War II from 1945-1952. He notes that the principal focus of the US occupying forces was to demilitarize Japan and convert it into a democracy. Japanese troops have been demobilized and “in the first two years of the Occupation purges of thousands of officers, bureaucrats and industrialists blamed for the war were a further hedge again a revanchist threat.” (9). A policy of democratization was also important. “By spreading power within the government and among all citizens, including voting rights for women, and by supporting a robust press and unions, the Supreme Command of the Allied Powers (SCAP) was attempting to inoculate Japan from the scourge of militarism,” points out Kingston (10). Yet, the author agrees that despite half a century of what may seem to have been positive changes, the Japanese themselves are still having different opinions of the US Occupation. For instance, “conservative Japanese frequently trace many of Japan’s current social problems back to the Occupation … they see women’s legal equality, the end of the patriarchal ie system, educational reforms, the new Emperor system, demilitarization, etc., and a vague process of Americanization as harmful to the Japanese social fabric.” (16)
“The subaltern studies is certainly related to south Asia history, as Gramsci was related to Italy, its theoretical position, of studying how the continuity of supposedly pre-political insurgency brings culture to crisis and confronts power would make post-colonial studies more conventionally political. One major difference is that the disciplinary connection of post-colonial studies is to literary criticism rather than history and the social science. Subaltern studies has not pursed oral history as unmediated narrative, and its investigation and testimony have generally confined themselves to legal
Ebery, Patricia – Walthall, Anne – Palais, James. East Asia, a Cultural, Social, and Political History. Second Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. Boston. 2009.
Wilson, Constance, Dr. "Colonialism and Nationalism in Southeast Asia." Colonialism and Nationalism in Southeast Asia. Himself, July 2005. Web. 02 Dec. 2013.
Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s This Earth of Mankind is an allegorical novel describing the growth of protagonist Minke during the pre-awakening of colonized Java. Set in 1898 during the period of imperial Dutch domination over all aspects of Javan life, the novel provides a clear image of the political and social struggles of a subjugated people through the point of view of a maturing youth. Using several of his novel’s major characters as allegorical symbols for the various stages of awareness the citizens of Java have of Indonesia’s awakening as a modern nation, Toer weaves together an image of the rise of an idyllic post-colonial Indonesia with modern views of Enlightenment ideals.
Every human being, in addition to having their own personal identity, has a sense of who they are in relation to the larger community--the nation. Postcolonial studies is the attempt to strip away conventional perspective and examine what that national identity might be for a postcolonial subject. To read literature from the perspective of postcolonial studies is to seek out--to listen for, that indigenous, representative voice which can inform the world of the essence of existence as a colonial subject, or as a postcolonial citizen. Postcolonial authors use their literature and poetry to solidify, through criticism and celebration, an emerging national identity, which they have taken on the responsibility of representing. Surely, the reevaluation of national identity is an eventual and essential result of a country gaining independence from a colonial power, or a country emerging from a fledgling settler colony. However, to claim to be representative of that entire identity is a huge undertaking for an author trying to convey a postcolonial message. Each nation, province, island, state, neighborhood and individual is its own unique amalgamation of history, culture, language and tradition. Only by understanding and embracing the idea of cultural hybridity when attempting to explore the concept of national identity can any one individual, or nation, truly hope to understand or communicate the lasting effects of the colonial process.