In 1987, the position of Prime Minister was abolished and Mugabe assumed the new office of executive President of Zimbabwe gaining additional powers in the process. With his twenty-two year long rule he has turned Zimbabwe into a pariah state. With crimes against humanity, an economic collapse and political repression he has caused Zimbabwe a decade of suffering. Since taking office in December 31, 1987 he has been known for economic mismanagement, repressive economic and political policies, human rights violation and state terrorism. And due to these factors Robert Mugabe has destroyed Zimbabwe as a country.
During the 1980s Mugabe's economic policies were very socialist. When Unsuccessful market changes were started the economy became stagnant containing no growth. “And since 2000, the GDP declined by 40% due to land reform and high inflation rates.”(Lines 1197) This land reform caused the displacement of hundreds of white commercial farmers and thousands of their workers. This in turn resulted in land invasion and movement of locals who held the land for generations. With the loc...
Because larger scale plantations are able to sell a cheaper product it makes it almost impossible for small family farms to compete without cutting down net profits (Nelson & Galvez, 2000). In order for cocoa farmers in impoverished countries to increase national wealth they need to increase their productivity. Wealth in countries is directly correlated with the nations productivity, and in largely cocoa based nations efficiency in cocoa farms are very important. Wealth allows farmers a greater amount of leisure time to invest in education, health care, and capital equipment. While companies, like fair-trade, help provide farmers with health and fair crop prices to increase national wealth farmers have to increase productivity and increase capital investments (Nelson & Galvez, 2000). Educated citizens can advance nations to achieving a more economic and better developed society, which in return will change a vicious cycle into a virtuous one creating a more sustainable
Images of whiteness in Zimbabwe projected in the media have been of white population as victims being disposed of land and exposed to violence. In the award-winning documentary, Mugabe and the White African, the film focuses on white Zimbabwean family who challenges the Fast Track land redistribution program. David McDermott Hughes’ interprets the perspectives of land and landscape and its origins. In Whiteness in Zimbabwe, David McDermott Hughes principal argument is that European settlers identified themselves with the African landscape rather than with the social characteristics of the native Africans. The importance of landscape to white identity led to the engineering and structural development of the landscape. Hughes contends that the white colonizers used the land, nature and ecology to escape the social problems, to avoid ‘the other’ which in this case was the black Zimbabweans that were sharing the same living space. Through such landscape engineering, the white Zimbabweans believed that they would belong to Zimbabwe and Africa. However, Hugh argues that “by writing themselves to single-mindedly into the landscape, many whites wrote themselves out of society (p. 25).” Furthermore, Hughes argues that this was not a form of racism, but rather escaping the social surrounding to avoid conflict. This concept has led to Hughes to wanting to stop romanticizing of land in order to avoid social issues.
In 1990, South Africa became a totalitarian state. Apartheid is still in full effect. There is extensive racial violence in the streets. The country is economically suffering from sanctions from many other countries in protest of Apartheid.
Relevance- Once he was released in 1990 he participated in the eradication of apartheid and in 1994 became the first black president of South Africa, under which he formed a multiethnic government to oversee the country’s transition. He also remained devoted champion for peace and social justice in his own nation and around the world until he died in 2013.
Nelson Mandela was a revolutionary that stood up against the apartheid, or racist, government. Mandela played the biggest role in the movement to overthrow the South African government. He led many protests and was thrown in prison for trying to overthrow the office. After all of Mandela’s hard work, he successfully overthrew the apartheid government and turned it around into a good, democratic government. Mandela later became South Africa’s first president in elections which all people could vote. Nelson Mandela had a great effect on his country as he took a stand and tried to overthrow the apartheid government and turn it into a democratic, non-racist country.
"Mugabe Rival Quits Election Race." BBC News. BBC, 22 June 2008. Web. 15 May 2014.
Overall Central Africa’s dependence on agriculture could improve the wellbeing of the people but a long history of corruption, violence, and prevalent transportation issues have hindered an improvement in the economy resulting in poverty among the region. Poverty will not subside unless these issues are dealt with and improved.
Dr. Noah Zerbe is a professor and chair of the department of politics at Humboldt State University in California and someone who has spent time in both South Africa and Zimbabwe. Dr. Zerbe goes in depth into the factors that surrounded the 2002 famine in Africa, where 14 million Africans were on the brink of starvation. The Malawi president, just a season before the famine, sold off all of Mal...
This article which I have chosen to read, is about a ruined city of southeast Zimbabwe south of Harare. Great Zimbabwe is an ancient city on the plateau in sub-Saharan Africa. Great Zimbabwe was supposedly a city that controlled much trade and culture of southern Africa during the 12th and 17th centuries because it was stationed on the shortest route between the northern gold fields, and the Indian Ocean. Archaeologists believed that this masterful stonework was built somewhere around 1100 and 1600 A.D.
It is difficult to differentiate land reform from agrarian reform, as Erich and Charlotte Jacoby noted four decades ago, the distinction cannot be translated or changed in many languages of the world. In French land reform is réforme agraire, and reforma agraria in Spanish (White et. al. 2012). The idea of agrarian reform serves the purpose of emphasizing the failure of redistributive land reform by itself in bringing about lasting, structural change in the rural economy and society. As a result, land reform and agrarian reform have become synonyms of each other in the past years. This paper looks at Mozambique as a case study and agrarian land reform as the type of reform that has been adopted in the country. It seeks to bring out the benefits that arose as a result of the adoption of this type of
This is a paper about the development in Botswana. Thus it is going to start by looking at the country’s history. The countries history will bring a better view or better understanding of the countries development process taken. However it is also going to talk about the development policies that were enforced by the colonial government. Contradicting with the colonial rule, the paper will also look at the policies that were enforced or came with the independence government.
Meredith, Martin. Mugabe: power, plunder, and the struggle for Zimbabwe. New York: Public Affairs, 2007. Print.
This assay will be analysing on one of African president ever recognized as dedicated leader; who dedicated his entire life fighting for freedom of his nation. Rolihlahla Mandela was born in Transkei in a small rural community in the easterner cape of South Africa. On 18july 1918 and named Nelson by one of his teachers, Mandela led the struggle to reinstate the apartheid rule of South Africa against racial discrimination. As well know as a democratic leader he was incarcerated for 27 years. Has been awarded the Nobel peace prize in 1993 and 1994 Nelson Mandela been voted as South Africa first black president. (BBC news-Mandela’s life and times2008)
The Philippines has long been a country with a struggling economy. Ever since World War II, they have struggled to have a steady government and labor system. Independence did not bring any social changes to the country. The hacienda system still persists in the country, where large estates are farmed by sharecroppers. More the half the population are peasants and 20 percent of the population owns 60 percent of the land. Although the sharecropper is supposed to receive half of the harvest, most of the peasant's actual income goes to paying off debts to the landowner. Poverty and conflict strained the industrial growth of the country with many Presidents trying to fix the problems, but failing to do so. Factors that have faced the country are there is almost 9 percent unemployment, and the country suffers from the consequences of a balance of trade deficit. With the resources that the Philippines have, they are capable of pulling themselves out of the economical hole they are in and being up to par with their successful neighboring countries.
Malawi is faced with a kind of geographical limitation which established the choice of Malawi’s first president Hastings Banda who was solely involved the drafting and formulation of Malawi’s foreign policy after independence, also it could be said that the foreign policy of Malawi was formulated based on power politics and various national problems ranging from its economy to poverty and diseases which would be explained later when considering the foreign policy itself.2