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Physics behind volcanoes
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1.0 Topic Definition
Volcanic Eruption, which means the sudden occurrence of a violent discharge of steam and volcanic material, is one of the catastrophes in human history. It can devastate enormous areas, as well as people. The eruption of the Vesuvius in AD 79 buried the cities of Herculaneum, Pompeii and Stabiae with ashes and mud. (Oracle think quest) The majority of ancient volcanoes, like Mt. Vesuvius in Italy and Mt. Tambora in Indonesia are all dormant volcanoes now. However, Mt. Etna, which have been erupting for millions of years, still remaining active now. (Sicily Life) From 4 May 2011 to 6 May, it erupted and emitted enormous lava - molten rock - and ashes - chemical composition and abrasive of the particles from a volcanic eruption - into the air. For the sake of it is one of the most active volcanoes in the world, acquire the basic information about volcano and Mt. Etna is essential.
2.0 History
The eruption history of Etna started since 1500 BC. (Mount Etna- Italy) Its eruption history experienced different eruption styles, including violent explosions and voluminous lava flows. (Jessica Ball) Flank eruptions of Mount Etna occur every six years on average resulting from dikes form the central conduit intersecting the surface. (Revise Mapping of Lava Flows on Mt. Etna, Sicily) One of the most violet eruptions was in 1852. Mt. Etna produce more than 2 billion cubic feet of lava and over three square miles have been covered. The longest eruption began in 1979 which lasted for 13 years. (Mount Etna Volcano)
The eruptions of Mount Etna undergo fluctuations in time. The fluctuations represent stages of cycle on a scale of decades and centuries. (Behncke, B., Neri, M., 2003) Since the eruption in 1865, with fo...
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... 25 August 2011]
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Mount Etna erupting on 11 January (2011) [Online] Available at: http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/EarthObservation/GMES_newsletter_n1_etna.pdf [Accessed 1 September 2011]
Zehner., C. (2011) Monitoring Volcanic Ash from Space [Online] Available at: http://earth.eo.esa.int/workshops/Volcano/files/STM_280_ash101124.pdf [Accessed 1 September 2011]
Volcanic Eruption (2011) [Online] Available at: http://library.thinkquest.org/17457/volcanoes/erupt.php [Accessed 9 September 2011]
Prediction of Danger (2011) Available at: http://library.thinkquest.org/17457/volcanoes/erupt.php [Accessed 9 September 2011]
In March 18, 1880 Mount St. Helens there was a catastrophic eruption that caused a huge volume of ash; the ash plume would be over central Colorado within 16 hours. After years of dedicated monitoring (knowing where to volcano is, unlike an earthquake not knowing exactly where this geological even is exactly) there was been increasing accuracy in forecasting eruptions.
On the afternoon of 24th August 79 AD, a volcano called Mt. Vesuvius erupted, which resulted in destroyed lives of citizens, it was estimated that there were 10 to 12 thousand people who occupied the city .The cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum and a few others were severely affected by the eruption. The cities are well known for its beautiful landscapes and its temperate climate.Pompeii is based in the south, close to Naples in the region of Campania in Italy.The eruption started a series of events such as pumice,rocks and ashes falling down and caused hot volcanic gases to rise high in the sky, people from around 100 miles away could see the event unfolding.The remains of Pompeii and other cities was frozen in time due to the pyroclastic surges
...e than 30 volcanoes that have erupted over the past 300,000 years in the Lassen Peak volcanic area.
Mount Tambora, located on the Island of Sumbawa, Indonesia is classified as a Stratovolcano. Also known as a composite volcano, Tambora is a tall conical volcano (cone like structure) where layers of the walls are built by hardened lava and volcanic ash. The term composite is used to describe the volcano due to the composite layered structure built from sequential outpourings of eruptive materials1. Among the most common types of volcanoes, Tambora also shares its destructive prowess with best-known volcanoes such as Krakota (1883) and Vesuvius (79 A.D). The Island of Sumbawa is located in the middle of the Lesser Sunda Islands chain (a group of islands in the southern Maritime Southeast Asia) and is in the province of West Nusa Tenggara3. A map of Mount Tambora is shown in Figure 1 to provide a better perspective of its location. Interestingly enough, Tambora forms its own peninsula on Sumbawa, known as the Sanggar Peninsula. In April of 1815, after years of dormancy, Mount Tambora erupted with great intensity, approximately 7 on the volcanic explosivity index, which is shown in Figure 2. It has been estimated that the eject volume of Tambora was 160 cubic kilometres, which represents the largest volcanic eruption in recorded history. The death toll has been projected to be at least 71,000 people, of who over 15% were killed directly from the eruption1. The remaining 75% have been thought to succumb to starvation and disease, as the eruptive fallout decimated the agricultural industry in the region. Following the eruption, a volcanic winter ensued. As sun become less abundant due to clouds of ash, crops and livestock perished. Please note that all definitions appearing in the footnotes are either taken from already referenced so...
The first time I saw Mt. Rainier for myself, was last summer when my boyfriend and I drove to Washington. It was the most beautiful, peaceful looking mountain I have ever seen. However, underneath it's great beauty, it hides a deadly secret. Mt. Rainier is one of the most dangerous volcanoes that we have here in the United States. One of the reasons it is so dangerous is because of it's great beauty. People enjoy looking at it, and the area that surrounds it, so they have made their homes here. Mt Rainier is not the only volcano I am interested in, in fact this last summer I also went to Mt. St. Helens and Crater Lake. But it is the volcano I chose to research for this paper because it does have so much beauty and at the same time so much power. I already know the basics about volcanoes, how they form, the different types, etc., but I wanted to find out more about what would happen if this great volcano were to erupt, what type of eruption would it be, and how would it affect the people that live around it.
Wood and Kienle, 1990, Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada: Cambridge University Press, 354 p., p. 158-160, Contribution by Patrick Pringle.
Miesse, Willian C. "Mount Shasta Geology and History." USGS: Volcano Hazards Program - Mount Shasta Geology and History. College of the Siskiyous Library, n.d. Web. 01 May 2014.
On May 18th, 1980, one of the most prominent volcanic eruptions in US History took place in the state of Washington. Mount St. Helens had been dormant for almost 100 years before March 15th. On this day, two months before the eruption several small earthquakes shook the earth. This indicated a magma buildup below the surface, and the first minor event that would lead to one of the greatest eruptions the US has ever known. Following the first set of earthquakes, “Steam explosions blasted a 60- to 75-m (200- to 250-ft) wide crater through the volcano 's summit ice cap and covered the snow-clad southeast sector with dark ash. Within a week the crater had grown to about 400 m (1,300 ft) in diameter and two giant crack systems crossed the entire summit area. Eruptions occurred on average from
The volcano of Mount Etna has been on this earth for about 500,000 years and is still currently active. This volcano is located on the east side of Sicily, Italy and stands 10,900 feet tall with a base circumference of 93 miles; it also still has a series of eruptions dating back to 2001. Mount Etna is considered a stratovolcano which means it’s built on top of many layers of lava and ash made from previous eruptions. What makes this volcano so unique is that it has many eruption styles ranging from extreme violent ones to regular lava just flowing from the mouth of it. About “25% Sicily 's population lives on Mount Etna 's slopes.”
Stories about volcanoes are captivating. Myths come in different versions, but all of them are capable of capturing yours, and everybody’s imagination.
Volcanoes are one of the most destructive forces on Earth. It is estimated that some 500 million people live near active volcanoes (Lutgens and Tarbuck, 2013). Of the Earth's known volcanoes, 70 are expected to erupt each year with at least one large eruption each decade (Lutgens & Tarbuck, 2013). As populations continue to increase and more people are attracted to the beauty surrounding these areas, the immediate threat to humans from these sometimes sleeping giants grows. Due to this, the study of volcanoes and the service that volcanologists provide to the public by way of information and predictions on activity is immeasurable.
Digging up the dirt on Mauna Loa. (Hawaiian volcano studied) Science News v144, n25-26 December 18th, 1993 414 (1 page)
Firstly, I believe the eruption of Santorini was more powerful than first estimated, due to the presence of a shallow sea inside the Theran crater, with the volcano situated in the centre of that sea. (This is the theory of Professor Steve Sparks of Bristol University)
The earliest outcropping volcanic deposits date back to about 25,000 years ago. The lavas observed at a -1125 m bore-hole are about 0,3-0,5 million years old. It is known for the first eruption of which an eyewitness account is preserved, in 79 AD. Geologically, Vesuvio is unique for its unusual versatility. Its activity ranging from Hawaiian-style release of liquid lava, fountaining and lava lakes, over Strombolian and Vulcanian activity to violently explosive, plinian events that produce pyroclastic flows and surges.