Hydrogen: the most abundant element in the universe.
Normally it has been considered to remain a non-metal at any range of temperatures and pressures. That is, until now. Recently this year, hydrogen was changed into a metallic substance, which could conduct electricity. An experiment conducted by William J. Nellis et al. at the
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory accomplished this feat. Hydrogen was converted from a non-metallic liquid, into a liquid metal. The likelihood that the most abundant element in the universe could be converted into metallic form at sufficient pressures was first theorized in 19351, but tangible evidence has eluded scientists in the intervening decades. "Metallization of hydrogen has been the elusive Holy Grail in high-pressure physics for many years," said Bill Nellis, one of three Livermore researchers involved in the project. "This is a significant contribution to condensed matter physics because a pressure and temperature that actually produce metallization have finally been discovered."2 Livermore researchers Sam Weir, Art Mitchell, and Bill
Nellis used a two-stage gas gun at Livermore to create enormous shock pressure on a target containing liquid hydrogen cooled to 200 K (-
4200 F). Sam Weir, Arthur Mitchell (a Lab associate), and Bill Nellis published the results of their experiments in the March 11 issue of Physical
Review Letters under the title "Metallization of
Fluid Molecular Hydrogen at 140 GPa (1.4
Mbar)." When asked about the significance of the work, Nellis had this to say: "Hydrogen makes up
90 percent of the universe. Jupiter is 90 percent hydrogen and contains most of the mass in our planetary system. Hydrogen is very important to a lot of work done at the Lab. Hydrogen in the form of deuterium and tritium isotopes is the fuel in laser-fusion targets and how it behaves at high temperatures and pressures is very important to
Nova and the National Ignition Facility."3 By measuring the electrical conductivity, they found that metallization occurs at pressure equivalent to
1.4 million times Earth's atmospheric pressure, nine times the initial density of hydrogen, and at a temperature of 30000 K (50000 F). Because of the high temperature, the hydrogen was a liquid.
The intense pressure lasted less than a microsecond. Optical evidence of a new phase of hydrogen has been previously reported using an experimental approach that involves crushing microscopic-sized samples of crystalline hydrogen between diamond anvils.4 However, metallic character has not been established. Metallic character is most directly established by electrical conductivity measurements which are not yet possible in diamond anvil cells at these pressures.
The Livermore team's results were surprising because of their methods, the form of hydrogen used and the pressure needed to achieve the result
(which was much lower than previously believed).
Virtually all predictions surrounding metallic hydrogen have been made for solid hydrogen at
Aluminum is the third most abundant element and most abundant metal in the Earth’s crust. Aluminum is never found in the free element state in nature. It
Albert Einstein predicted that mass could be converted into energy early in the century and was confirmed experimentally by John D. Cockcroft and Ernest Walton in 1932. In 1939, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann discovered that neutrons striking the element uranium caused the atoms to split apart. Physicists found out that among the pieces of a split atom were newly produced neutrons. These might encounter other uranium nuclei, caused them to split, and start a chain reaction. If the chain reaction were limited to a moderate pace, a new source of energy could be the result. The chain reaction could release energy rapidly and with explosive force.
A prosthetic is an artificial device that replaces a missing body part lost through trauma, disease, or congenital conditions. Prosthetics are becoming revolutionized to encourage amputees to pursue their highest ambitions. The technologies are progressing in prosthetics to make amputees lives more functional and the prosthetics life like.
Prosthetic limbs have been in existence for thousands of years in various shapes and sizes and all have the same core purpose, which is to help improve the lives of people who have either been unfortunate or have lost limbs in accidents and/or wars. Over time, prosthetic limbs have evolved and changed due to changes in technology or an up-rise of different viable materials that humans have access to. The following report will asses the materials and benefits of such, in past and present prosthetic limbs whether they be hands, fingers or legs.
What is a Myocardial Infarction? Myocardial Infarction, also known as a heart attack, occurs when there is a blockage in one of the coronary arteries. The heart is a muscle that needs oxygenated blood and nutrients to survive. When a blockage occurs in the arteries, oxygen and nutrients are cut off from the heart for an extensive time. The blocked portion of tissue in heart dies. Blockages can occur due to several factors. Coronary artery disease is the most prevalent cause. Coronary artery disease or atherosclerosis is due to plaque buildup and narrowing in the artery walls. These plaques are made from cholesterol and waste products. This buildup on artery walls can restrict blood flow; a process that can take
No one knows the exact date of when the first prosthetic was made. There has been evidence of two toes belonging to Egyptian Mummies (Berko para. 4). There has also been written evidence that in 500 B.C., a prisoner cut off his foot to escape and his foot was replaced with a wooden foot (Bells para 1). A copper and wooden leg was dug up in 1858 at Capri, Italy and it dates back to 300 B.C (Bells para 1). There has been historical evidence that a general lost his right hand in the Second Punic War, and they made him an iron hand so he could keep fighting (Clements para 5). As you can tell from this evidence, prosthetics were made out of wood, copper, and other metals. They were not nice, but they allowed people just to do everyday things.
Prosthetic limbs are an invention which have both come from the mind of people in the medical profession treating amputees but also from amputees themselves who recognise the need for technical advances and use of new materials as well as specialisation of design (Norton, 2007; Park, 2015).
Acute means to happen suddenly. There are many symptoms of a heart attack. The most typical symptom is chest pain. The other symptoms can range from, mouth pain, headache, trouble breathing nausea, vomiting, sweating, heartburn, pain in left arm, or no symptoms at all! Make sure the victim avoids excessive movement and is calm to keep symptoms steady. A healthcare provider helps diagnose a heart attack based on the patient 's medical history, an electrocardiogram to look for abnormalities the heart and blood testing for abnormal enzymes levels in blood. For immediate treatment you will be put on a heart monitor and given oxygen and IV line filled with nitroglycerin and morphine to reduce pain. Abnormal heartbeats are treated electric shocks and most likely medicine. Some patients may also have need to have heart bypass surgery to open blood vessels that supply blood to the heart. This procedure is called open heart
Heavy metal music has developed greatly ever since it was created in the late 1960’s, evolving into large and varied categories of subgenres. It is not uncommon for types of metal to be confused for one another despite their distinct differences. There are hundreds of subgenres, but three of them will be discussed, the bluesy and distorted doom metal, the fast and fantastical power metal, and the ill reputed black metal.
In the face of a potential H2N2 epidemic, New Jersey’s Health Commissioner enforced a statute requiring the vaccination of all public health professionals, school-age children, pregnant mothers, and asthmatics. The law also prohibits people outside these high-risk groups from receiving inoculations voluntarily until these classes of people are fully vaccinated. The states, as governments of general jurisdiction, have police powers to pass legislation designed to protect society’s health and safety. As such, New Jersey needs no specifically enumerated constitutional power to enact such legislation. Indeed, the Supreme Court in Jacobson v. Massachusetts upheld a state law requiring mandatory immunization even in the face of concerns about vaccine safety and bodily integrity.
The purpose of this prosthetic limb is to help people who have lost a hand or arm in any type of accident like Les Baugh. He one of the patients currently outgoing testing with the prosthetic limb. He lost both of his arms at a electrical accident a young age and the prosthetic he using are attached to the end of his shoulders, since the accident cut his arms right to that section. He underwent surgery in order to remap the nerves
The idea of having an amputated limb and being able to receive a prosthetic limb within a few short hours is still a dream in today’s world. Scientists and researchers have made huge leaps and bounds in recent years, but prosthetic limbs have been around for decades. The oldest ever found was in Cairo, Egypt in the year 2000. It was a prosthetic toe made of leather and wood from 3000 years ago (Clements, 2008). This limb showed us that for the most part prosthetics have not changed a whole lot, but how they are made has improved. Prosthetic limbs can now be designed by using CAD/CAM, computer aided design and manufacturing. They can speed up the process it takes to make the limbs for patients. Clinical use of this process is still slow to get going in a lot of states and the world. The most important part of the prosthetic limb to the patient is not whether the limbs functionality is better, but the comfort of the socket. The socket is where the residual limb will reside in the actual prosthetic limb. When the handmade casts are used, it is hard to make a socket that will work well for the patient because it is hard to make an exact replica of the limb. That is why more funding needs to go to places that will teach people how to use the CAD/CAM design process and to help companies buy the expensive fabrication sites to actually make the limbs. Not only is the use of CAD/CAM a better process, but it is faster and will get the patients a better fitting limb that they will want to use more often.
Norton, Kim. “A Brief History of Prosthetics”. Limb Loss Resource Center, Volume 17 Issue 7, Amputee Coalition, Nov/Dec 2007, www.amputee-coalition.org/resources/a-brief-history-of-prosthetics/. Accessed 14 Dec
The unique set of elements known as the alkaline earth metals are key components to humanity and life as we know it. Without them, many things that we both love and need would be gone. These remarkably diverse yet very similar elements that make up the alkaline earth metals family are: Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), and Radium (Ra). Although this family is often overshadowed by the infamous alkali metals, you will soon learn how spectacular and brilliant these metals really are and their value to human life.
Today there is a great need in advances in the field of prosthetics. This demand is being generated in large measure by wounded veterans needing prosthetics. While new advances in body armor is saving lives, it is also leading to many limb injuries in soldiers who would not have usually survived. In the first two years of the Iraq war, over 200 soldiers lost limbs.