Memory profiles in individuals that have been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been studied and monitored for decades. Memory has been categorized as both the fundamental cognitive area principally accountable for the experimental symptoms of autism spectrum disorder or as inferior to a widespread cognitive discrepancy that goes beyond memory, such as executive dysfunction. Recent models have suggested that the memory abnormalities are an indication of core deficits in executive function (Bennetto, Pennington, & Rogers, 1996; Russell, Jarrold, & Henry, 1996). No concurrence has been decided concerning the role of memory functioning in individuals with ASD.
Variation in results has always created problems in autism research. This dilemma is linked to the high occurrence of inconsistency in individuals with ASD, which is the consequence of developmental variations and disparities in cognitive levels between research groups. Conversely, a multitude of the results have been duplicated across studies suggesting that they are distinctive of memory function in ASD individuals (Williams et al., 2006).
This paper examines the memory profiles in children and adults with autism spectrum disorder.
Literature Review
Mcleod (2007) defines memory as the structures and procedures included in the storage and later retrieval of information. Evidence hints that the predominant coding technique in short term memory (STM) is acoustic coding. The principle encoding system in long term memory (LTM) seems to be semantic coding (by meaning). However, information in LTM can also be coded both visually and sound-related (Mcleod, 2007).
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a disability that can make developing major social, communication, ...
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Southwick, J. S., Bigler, E. D., Froehlich, A., DuBray, M. B., Alexander, A. L., Lange, N., & Lainhart, J. E. (2011). Memory functioning in children and adolescents with autism. Neuropsychology, 25(6), 702-710. doi:10.1037/a0024935
Williams, D. L., Goldstein, G., & Minshew, N. J. (2005). Impaired memory for faces and social scenes in autism: clinical implications of memory dysfunction. Archives Of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20(1), 1-15. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2002.08.001
Williams, D. L., Goldstein, G., & Minshew, N. J. (2006). The Profile of Memory Function in Children With Autism. Neuropsychology, 20(1), 21–29. doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.20.1.21
Wojcik, D. Z., Moulin, C. A., & Souchay, C. (2013). Metamemory in children with autism: Exploring “feeling-of-knowing” in episodic and semantic memory. Neuropsychology, 27(1), 19-27. doi:10.1037/a0030526
Volker, M.A., Lopata, C., Smerbeck, A.M., Knoll, V.A., Thomeer, M.L., Toomey, J.A., and Rodgers, J.D. (2009) BASC-2 PRS profiles for students with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 188-199.
The table can be filled with many different types of foods, and it differs from family to family. However, there are some foods that are seen at almost every Thanksgiving table. First off, the turkey, it is the most important part of the celebration for most families in the United States. There are multiple reasons to why the turkey has become such a big part of Thanksgiving. For example, a colonist named William Bradford wrote in his journals that colonists hunted wild turkeys during autumn of 1621, which is named as the first Thanksgiving. Another reason to why the turkey is an important part of the holiday is because the birds are big and can feed a lot of people compared to other birds such as chickens (Trex, 2008). Although the turkey is the most important food on the table for most families, it is common for most families to also serve some sort of sweet potatoes, for example, a sweet potato casserole with marshmallows. As Thanksgiving is a feast holiday a dessert is usually also served, one of the most common desserts on Thanksgiving is a pumpkin pie. The pumpkin has been around for hundreds of years, and always been a part of thanksgiving, however, it is more likely that the pumpkin was served after being baked or stewed rather than a pie on the first years when Thanksgiving were celebrated (Trex, 2008). As it is a feast holiday the table has many more types of foods, but it varies from family to family what is put onto the table, however, the turkey, sweet potatoes, and the pumpkin pie is almost always found at every Thanksgiving
4)Overview of Autism by Stephen Edelson, Ph. D., at the Center for the Study of Autism
When the great holiday of Thanksgiving comes to mind, most people think of becoming total gluttons and gorging themselves with a seemingly unending amount of food. Others might think of the time spent with family and friends. The whole basis of the holiday is family togetherness, fellowship, and thankfulness for blessings received during the previous year.
Thanksgiving is undoubtedly a holiday to celebrate family. It also celebrates many other things, as the name suggests. Thanksgiving is a holiday to give thanks for the things that a person has rather than to wish for more things. Accomplishments and shiny cars are not part of the essence of Thanksgiving, as these do not have the inherent humbleness expected of the holiday. This air of humility and frugality, harkening back to the days of the pilgrims and Native Americans, is probably what lead Ellen Goodman to describe the holiday as a suppressing of individualism. However, the rift between individuality and family that Goodman describes in Thanksgiving is not as deep as she makes it seem, and Thanksgiving Day is hardly the only day of the
...and colleagues create a self administered measure that allows an individual with a normal level of intelligence to see if they have traits associated to ASD. The Autism Quotient Questionnaire (AQ) was designed to measure five different areas in 50 different questions (Appendix 1). These different areas include: attention switching, attention to detail, imagination, social skill, and communication (Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Skinner, Martin, & Clubley, 2001). The AQ is not meant to serve as a diagnostic tool. However, research has shown the AQ to have reasonable construct validity in the questions pertaining to each of the five areas of measure and reasonable face validity due to the fact that it is measuring autistic traits. In addition, the AQ has shown to have exceptional test-retest reliability (Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Skinner, Martin, & Clubley, 2001).
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), falling under the umbrella term of Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD), is defined by the International Classification of Diseases, volume 10 (ICD-10) as a disorder first diagnosed in childhood by the clinical manifestation of marked impairment in communication and social interaction, and repetitive or stereotyped behaviors (“Pervasive developmental disorders,” 2010). This definition aligns with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-V), currently used in the United States (American Psychological Association, 2013).
Autism is a disability that interferes with the normal development of the human brain in the areas of reasoning, social interaction and communication skills, typically appearing during the child's first three years (“What is Autism?”, the Autism pages 2004, from the Autism society of America). It occurs in roughly 15 to 20 of every 10,000 births and is five times more common in males than in females (“Autism: What to look for”, pamphlet by the Autism Society of the Phils.). Although recent advances have been made with respect to possible roots, the exact cause of this condition remains unknown. Children and adults with autism typicall...
Turkey. Mashed potatoes. Ham. Stuffing. Gravy. Pumpkin Pie. Friends. Love. Joy. Family. Laughter. What do all of these things bring to mind? Thanksgiving Day. The tradition of Thanksgiving began in the early 1600s shortly after pilgrims’ ships landed on American soil. To celebrate their arrival and all of their successful harvests, they feasted merrily and gave thanks for a time of such great fortune. From that point on, American people made it a point to honor the holiday around the same time each year. Since those times, however, Thanksgiving traditions have changed significantly. Today, Americans are more focused on getting to their stores early as possible before the much anticipated Black Friday begins. Businesses have recognized this
Autism is a developmental disorder that affects the functions of the brain. Individuals with autism most often have serious problems with social interaction and with communication and imagination, as well as unusual behavior patterns (rituals, preoccupations, and repetitive behaviors).
In the United States, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention reports that between 1 in 80 and 1 in 240, for an average of 1 in 110 children have an autism spectrum disorder, “ASD” (Nirv, Shah 2011). According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, up to six out of every 1,000 children may be diagnosed with some form of autism. In addition, boys are four times more likely than girls to have autism. This means that as many as 1.5 million Americans today are believed to have some form of autism. Unfortunately, the numbers appear to be increasing rapidly. Autism is a disability that frequently appears during the first three years of life. It is the result of a neurological disorder that affects the functioning of the brain and impacts the normal development of the brain in the areas of social interaction and communication skills (Bee & Boyd, 2009). It is the most prevalent developmental disorder to date. Autism is one of five disorders coming under the umbrella of Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD), a category of neurological disorders characterized by "severe and pervasive impairment in several areas of development," including social interaction and communications skills (Zager, 2006). The etiology of autism is a topic of controversial debate, while researchers strive to achieve a common objective. The goal is to identify the cause of autism to understand the complex interplay between environment and gene regulation (NCBI, 2009). Although individuals with autism have existed for many centuries it was not recognized and labeled until mid 20th century. Therefore, early detection, intervention and an individual educational plan are essentials for the progress of ASD.
A big part of Thanksgiving is a Thanksgiving feast. The feast usually consists of potatoes, corn, sweet potatoes, peas, gravy, stuffing, salads, buns and lots of other great food. The main part of the feast is usually the turkey. Other families might have ham, roast beef, duck or chicken. The dessert that is most likely to follow the feast is pumpkin pie. Other people may choose different desserts and food depending on their customs and beliefs for which they choose to give thanks. Let’s not forget the biggest and most important reason for this holiday – giving THANKS! People usually give thanks for everything they have. Their jobs, health, families or just being alive are just a few of the things that people give thanks for.
Working Memory is ones ability to temporarily store and hold information whilst simultaneously processing new information (Duff & Hampson, 2001). Spatial working memory is what allows us to remember spatial locations and objects during motion (Jiang, Capistrano, & Palm 2014). Located in the prefrontal cortex, this function is imperative in ones ability to determine their surroundings, taking in and work on sensory triggers and information. Impairments to this area, which is highly common among those with autism, affects ones ability to represent objects and location. Autism is defined as neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by persistent social and communicative impairments (Kirkovski, Enticott, & Fitzgerald, 2013) and interactions (American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that effects the brains development. It is characterized by affecting communication, cognition and social interaction. The spectrum of the disorders ranges from a mild condition called Asperger’s syndrome to a more severe form, which severely impairer’s development. The Office of Communications and Public Liaison states that the disorder affects one and eighty-eight children, however ASD effects boys more frequently than girls (Office of Communications and Public Liaison, 2013). ASD emerges in all age, ethnic and socioeconomic groups. The significant varied character and severity of the disorder is why ASD is considered a spectrum that poses a broad range of symptoms.
My Family and I all prepared our own favorite dish for thanksgiving. I love walking in the kitchen seeing all types of different foods my family has prepared. My Cousin and I made our own delicious strawberry cheese cake for dessert. Cutting up the strawberries in tiny pieces was the best part of making it. Then sitting it in the freezer for it to freeze up. This year my aunt made two types of turkey. The first one was a seasoning deep fried turkey and a regular baked turkey. My personal favorite is the deep friend turkey. I just when cutting open the turkey and you can see all the sprinkle seasoning all over the inside of the turkey. Couldn’t wait to get everything settle and get right to