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The movement and migrations of people groups had a major impact on medieval history. Two major medieval migrations that altered the history of the medieval world were the Muslim migration into the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th century and the Mongol migration into Eurasia the 12th century. Arthur Keith, a Scottish anthropologist, once wrote, “Tolerance is held to be a condition of mind which is encouraged by, and is necessary for, civilization. ” In other words, creating a tolerant culture is vital for the survival of society. This need is magnified in a culture involving numerous ethnic and religious ties; a need that was well understood by the Muslims and Mongolians. While the specific impacts of the Muslim and Mongolian migrations vary, both of these groups cultivated a culture of religious tolerance for their native subjects to live under, as evidenced by the formation of the Dhimmi in Muslim Iberia and the religious tolerance of the Khan’s. The migrations of the Muslim people of the Middle East and North Africa into the Iberian Peninsula had profound effects on the culture and religion of the native peoples. Before the Muslim conquest, Iberia was under the rule of the Visigoths. The ruling Visigoths and the native Iberians varied greatly in terms of ethnicity and religious beliefs, which contributed to constant revolt amongst the region. More specifically, the ruling Visigoths practiced Arianism (1 nature of Christ), while the majority of the natives practiced Catholicism (dual nature of Christ) . This divide caused a great strain in relations between the ruling class of Gothic Kings and the native Iberians. By the 8th century, the Muslims had completed their conquest of Northern Africa and set ... ... middle of paper ... ...God . William of Rubruck, a Franciscan missionary, attended a religious debate at the Khan’s court in May of 1254. Also in attendance were various representatives from other religions. Mangu Khan sent his secretaries to the representatives with the message, “Our lord sends us to you to say that you are here Christians, Saracens and Tuins. And each of you says that his doctrine is the best, and his writings--that is, books--the truest. So he wishes that you shall all meet together, and make a comparison, each one writing down his precepts, so that he himself may be able to know the truth. " The hosting of this religious debate by Mangu Khan speaks volumes to open mindedness and curiosity of the Mongols when it came to other religions. Mangu Khan was eager to learn about the other religions and allowed their presence in his kingdom and court.
Rossabi, Morris. "Life in China Under Mongol Rule: Religion." The Mongols in World History | Asia
All across cultures in history, varying groups of beliefs have come into contact with one another. As for early Muslims, military expansion and travel were key components for spreading the Islamic religion to foreign nations. However, not all exchanges were hostile or wholly based on the conquest of exotic lands. Some interactions solely were based on capturing lands to control, while allowing non-converters to remain in the area as the military continued forward gaining new territory. The primary sources, The Viking Rus, Peace Terms with Jerusalem, and The Pact to Be Accorded to Non-Muslim Subjects provide insight on how Muslims interacted with other religious groups. Early Muslims saw the expansion of Islam through conquest, travel, and trade with foreign cultures and beliefs, all while having unusual exchanges with each faith.
The modern world is linked through networks of communication and exchange between peoples. These exchanges between regions has changed cultures, economics, and politics. Through time the cultural influence between regions has consisted of many factors and elements but comes down to the spread of religion and religious teachings , movement of peoples, technological and cultural advancements affecting trade and commerce. Beginning with the Middle Ages in the years 1100-1500 , Africa, Asia, and Europe developed and influenced each other in several different ways. Starting with religion. The birth of Islam in the Middle East rapidly spread throughout Afro- Eurasia. Islam was attractive to people who were uninterested in the requirements of Christianity and the Church.
The blood-thirsty Vikings had such a strong influence and impact on Western Europe that their impact of Viking contact spread throughout the world and lives on today. Three significant ways they affected the world was by the Vikings amazing technology skills of ship building and navigation as well as their polytheism religion.
It is often said that history is written by the victor, and in the race to industrialization of the past two centuries, Western Europe and the United States have emerged as the victors. This enabled them to write a history in which their rise to power was preordained and inevitable and in which Eastern cultures are viewed as backward and intolerant. These Eurocentric histories have so fully permeated the global psyche that the stereotypes they have perpetuated inform our cultural interactions to this day. However, an unbiased look at the premodern history of Asia and the Middle East reveals the inaccuracy of the Eurocentric paradigm. Contrary to the Eurocentric view, there is nothing inherently intolerant about Islam or Middle Eastern and East Asian culture. In fact, many of the societies that have existed in the East have been extraordinarily tolerant and heterogeneous.
For religious Muslim contemporary’s the success of the 711 invasion was attributed to the will of Allah as part of Islam’s rapid expansion. Likewise for the Christian author of the 9th century chronicle of Alfonso III the Visigoths’ defeat had been punishment for disobeying God’s commandments. To the majority of medieval men divine intervention was a valid explanation for occurrences, however even then secular minded writers appreciated more practical explanations; principally the unrest which existed within the Visigothic kingdom. The political and social problems which faced Iberia at the time are seen by many modern historians as vital to the conquest’s success.
Throughout the human history, there is a movement of peoples from one place to another. Migrations can be voluntary or involuntary because some migrations are done willingly, while others are done under coercion. Migrations intend to settle temporally or permanently in a new location depending on their circumstances. This paper will determine the explanation of migrations in the medieval period based on the activities of three different civilizations. It will examine the main potential reasons why there were movements of people from one place to another during the medieval times. Also, analyze what are the effects and outcome of these migrations. Furthermore, it will argue that physical forces factors such as economic, social, political and
The crusades began to stir up after the death of Charlemagne, king of the Franks, in 814. After his death Christian Europe was under attack and weak. “Magyars, nomadic people from Asia, pillaged eastern and central Europe until the 10th century.” (Encarta “Crusades”). Starting in the year 800, Viking raids interrupted life in northern Europe and even Mediterranean cities. But the greatest threat came from the forces of Islam. This was in consequence to Muhammad their notorious leader dying, in 632. “By the 8th century, Islamic forces had conquered North Africa, the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, and most of Spain.” (Mayer, 3...
Throughout his life, the Prophet Muhammad proved to be exceptionally adept at uniting diverse groups, negotiating a series of alliances and loyalty arrangements that spanned religious, tribal, ethnic, and familial lines (Berggren 2009). Among other things, this ability enabled Muhammad to forge a shared identity and found a nascent Islamic state from a diverse and even heterogeneous community (Rahman 1982; Ernst 2003, pp. 87-93). This diversity proved to be both a source of strength and conflict for Islam, and following the death of Muhammad early Islamic communities engaged in extensive debates not only about the nature of his teachings or how to carry his legacy forward, but also about the terms that should be used to define his authority. Although this debate produced a colorful array of movements within the tapestry of early Islamic civilization, this essay offers a critical examination of two particularly distinct perspectives on the nature of prophetic authority: namely, those articulated
A Vanished World: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Medieval Spain is survey medieval Spain, where Christians, Jews, and Muslims once lived side by side and the Muslims were in charge. The book tries to lead the reader to the conclusion that there is indeed a historical precedent for the three major religions establishing a beneficially symbiotic relationship which may be an enduring lesson for coexistence. The author, Chris Lowney, is an ex-Jesuit and holds degrees in medieval history and philosophy.
Since the beginning of time, religion has played one of the most significant roles within human existence and has been believed to be the source whereby our governing laws have been derived. However, dating back to as early as the 3rd to 6th century, Greek philosophers inclusive of Diagoras of Melos, Euhemerus, alongside the schools of Hindu philosophy, Samkhya and the Greek Cyrenaic School were all amongst some of the first who did not accept the idea of God (Friedrich, 1942, 25). In the 7th century and during the Early Middle Ages, undergoing the Golden Age, the idea of knowledge was emphasised amongst the Muslim world, translating and collaborating knowledge from all over the world, giving rise to a group of people known as the Dahriyya who were the ‘holders of materialistic opinions of vari...
After the fall of the Roman Empire, barbarian rulers divided the territory, once claimed by the Roman Emperor, into separate kingdoms. These kings proclaimed Christianity as the religion of their country. Another powerful religion was spreading across Europe: Islam. Muslims warriors, followers of Islam, conquered many of the kingdoms established by the barbarians. They began their conquest in Saudi Arabia and systematically swallowed up an area of land that stretches east into India, north toward the Caspian Sea, and west into the southern portion of Spain. The Christian rulers feared Muslim take-over, and when Muslim’s blocked the visits of Christians into Jerusalem, they became angry.
According to Milani & Gibbons (2001), Huntington considers Islam as monolithic, atrocious and deficient in diversity. In actuality, Islam, like Christianity and Judaism, is splendidly varied and its history is really complex, much more than Huntington seems t...
The spread of Islam in Africa had taken course from a number of factors, including external and internal forces. After my analyzing of the spread of Islam in Africa, I have gather three main themes that stuck out during the expansion of Islam: Islam and trade, the conversion conditions of Islam, and the economics/political development involving Islam. These three themes provide great insight on how Islam started to spread through out Africa. Through trade the culture and religion of Islam was spread to many different areas. This correlates to the conversion of different people, which helped spread Islam. By these conversions Islam was able to establish Islamic states, which played a factor in the development of strong economic and political
Islam came to North Africa as a result of missionary efforts, traders spreading the religion, and conquest of neighboring countries.