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Earthquakes and their consequences
Earthquakes and their consequences
Earthquakes and their consequences
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Indian Ocean Earthquake 2004
It was 26th January 2001,the year I was born and also the year of one of the most destructive earthquakes that exclusively hit India and some parts of Pakistan has been the most devastating earthquakes of the century.Then came another destructive earthquake in the form of tsunami in the year 2004 and beat the earlier record of 7.7 to 9.0 and caused havoc and misery. I as a child have been reading about this natural catastrophe and now have the opportunity to share my knowledge on this natural disaster. In this essay I am going to discuss the reasons for the occurrence of the earthquakes,the social factors that were affected and also would include other basic information on earthquakes.
Sudden movement and violent shaking of the ground, that can sometimes cause severe destruction is known as an earthquake. An earthquake can occur on land and underwater. When there are Earthquakes underwater a tsunami is caused. A tsunami is just as deadly as an earthquake. When there are Earthquakes near human population, people suffer as there is a loss of life, property and family and various other things. There was a mega thrust underwater earthquake in the Indian Ocean in the year 2004 popularly known as the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami.This earthquake was so powerful that it caused a tsunami which hit eleven countries of the coast off Indian Ocean!!
We all known that earth has four layers
• Crust
• Mantle
• Outer core
• Inner core
The crust and some parts of the mantle together form a layer known as the Lithosphere around our planet. But this layer is like pieces of a jig saw puzzle, which keeps moving around, sliding and even bumping into each other. To be more precise we call them tectonic plates and their ed...
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...eign government. The donations meant a lot to the people as it helped them to restore,buy food and helped them to buy medicines. There were many search and rescue operations,temporary shelters were built, medical aid was provided and also food aid was provided to millions. Which helped the people recover from the shock. The government also helped by giving the land to the child if his/her parents died. It had a big social impact. The countries took a lot of time to develop.
We can prevent damage from earthquakes and Tsunamis . If we built strong structures that are able to withstand the earthquake or tsunami. Architects can also make special designs that are able to with stand earthquakes. There is not many things you can do to prevent damage from earthquakes.
This was one of the most devastating Tsunamis and we should hope that this would never happen again.
Tsunamis can kill 230,000–280,000 people and rogue waves kill very little people. The only similarity they have is they are destructive and they’re formed in
The tsunami in Thailand that occurred on December 26, 2004, was by far the largest tsunami catastrophe in human history. It was triggered by a magnitude 9.1-9.3 earthquake along the Indian-Australian subduction zone off the northern coast of Sumatra. The tsunami waves traveled primarily in the east to west direction and caused major damage along the coasts of southern Thailand. Unpredictably, it was a violent earthquake beneath the sea that initiated the massive waves and struck more than a dozen countries in Southern Asia. It also destroyed thousands of miles of coastline and even submerged entire islands permanently. Throughout the region, the tsunami killed more than 150,000 people, and a million more were hurt, homeless, and without food or drinkable water, making it perhaps the most destructive tsunami in the modern history. In spite of peninsular Thailand's location facing the northern part of this subduction zone, the lack of any written historical records, together with the lack of any major local seismic activity, the tsunami caused thousands of fatalities and huge economic losses in the popular tourist regions in Thailand. Immediately after the disaster, numerous organizations and individual citizens have helped out and contributed to this devastating tsunami. Indeed, the tsunami in Thailand was a worldwide event, with significant wave action felt around the world. In this context, I am focusing more on the key features of the tsunami’s natural causes, the psychological effects on citizens, the perspective of socio-economic impacts and the consequences of the tsunami calamity.
A tsunami is a series of waves “created by an underwater disturbance such as an earthquake, landslide, volcanic eruption, or meteorite” (ready.gov). Tsunami waves are quite different from normal waves. Once a tsunami is set in motion there is no way to really “prevent” it fully, or to stop such an event. Precautionary steps can be taken, such as in Japan where a sea wall was built to protect people and property. However, this was a futile attempt since in 2011 a tsunami was able to surge over the wall, with the water building up and rushing over the top. The lesson learned is that one should not
TOHOKU, Japan, Friday, Mar. 11 -Yesterday, a 9.0 magnitude Earthquake struck the east of Tohoku, Japan. The epicentre of the earthquake was located approximately 72 km east of Tohoku (38.3 degrees North latitude and 142.4 degrees East longitude), or 130 km east of Sendai as shown by the X in figure 3 below. The focus of the earthquake was 24.4 km under the epicentre. The earthquake therefore caused a tsunami due to the displacing of water above the Pacific Plate. The earthquake and tsunami together have caused approximately 20,000 deaths, 6152 injuries and 2500 people missing. Approximately 90% of these deaths were by drowning. Approximately 140,000 people have been displaced and over 500,000 buildings and structures have been destroyed or damaged. The early warning system of Japan stopped many bullet trains, and many residents received texted warnings of the earthquake and tsunami on their mobile phones giving them time to evacuate. Figures 1 and 2 show exactly how destructive the tsunami caused by the Tohoku Earthquake was.
Mr. Adams describes the San Francisco earthquake as his most profound human suffering experience because the horror of shaking floors, parts of his mom’s house collapse to the floor, and got a broken nose from stumbling into a brick wall (Ansel Adams & The 1906 Earthquake 2008). Earthquakes are part of natural disasters of the earth and normally caused by shaking ground and rapid movement of one block of rock slipping past another a long fractures in the earth crust called faults. Faults that are usually locked excluding abrupt movements, which slippage creates an earthquake (Lutgens, F. & Tarbuck, E.
People did not know if their family, friends, or coworkers were even alive and had no way to contact them for 2 days with the power being out. (San Francisco) After the earthquake 12,000 people were left homeless and more than 11,000 homes were left destroyed. (“Snow”)
Earthquakes commonly have consequences that are unexpected by an environment they occur in. The consequences may be tsunamis, buildings collapsing, structures distorting, landslides, and liquefaction.
The earth’s surface and the mantle make up the composition of the tectonic plates. This layer, called the lithosphere, rests on top of the asthenosphere, a layer of molten rock. The asthenosphere is constantly moving and flowing due to the extreme pressures...
The Earth’s crust and upper mantle is called the lithosphere. Plate tectonics is a theory describing the movement of the 7 major tectonic plates that make up the lithosphere. Every year tectonic plates only move a maximum distance of 100mm, when tectonic plates meet they can slide past each other or under each other resulting in earthquakes, volcanic activity, creation of mountain and islands, as well as oceanic trench formations. There are many theories on how tectonic plates move including convection. Convection is the heat waves that rise from the Earth’s molten core and influence plate activities. Convection can be attributed to volcanic activity, the expansion of the seafloor, as well as earthquakes.
The effects caused by earthquakes are devastating. They cause loss of human life and have effects on infrastructure and economy. Earthquakes can happen at any time anywhere. In January 12, 2010 an earthquake of a magnitude of 7.0 hit the nation of Haiti. An estimation of 316,000 people were killed, and more than 1.3 million Haitians were left homeless (Earthquake Information for 2010). Haiti was in a terrified chaos. After the earthquake, families were separated because many of the members were killed. Homes, schools, and hospitals were demolished. People lost their most valuable belongings. It will take time for the country to recover from this terrible disaster. The long damages are economic issues, health-state, and environmental issues that effect in the beautiful island of Haiti.
While the early warning saved thousands of people, the Japan’s Meteorological Agency underestimated this earthquake as the subduction zone of Japan should not produce the magnitude 9.0 quake (Oskin, 2013a). The Tohoku Earthquake and its tsunami approximately killed 16 thousand people, injured 6 thousand people and around 3 thousand people were missing. Most people died from drowning. Around 300 thousand buildings, 4000 roads, 78 bridges, and many more were affected by the earthquake, tsunami, and fires from leaking oils and gas. Electricity, telecommunication, and railways were severely damaged. The debris of 25 million tons was generated and carried out to the sea by water (BBC News, 2012). The country’s authorities estimated more than 309 billion US dollars of damages. Landslides occurred in Miyagi and liquefaction in Chiba, Tokyo, Odaiba, and Urayasu (USGS, 2013). Furthermore, the tsunami destroyed protective tsunami seawalls. Approximately 217 square miles of Japan covered in water (Oskin,
"Indian Ocean Tsunami Death Toll Approaches Quarter Million." Spacedaily.com. 19 Jan. 2005. Web. 03 Dec. 2011.
It was a beautiful day like any other with the clear blue sky and the
The death toll climbs to over 10,000 and is still rising (Branigan 2). The disaster in Japan began without warning on Friday March 11, 2011 at 2:46pm with a 9.0 magnitude earthquake, the strongest ever recorded in the country (Fackler 3). A massive thirty-three foot high tsunami, generated by the earthquake, swept over lands in northern Japan, taking objects and debris with it. To make matters worse, the tsunami caused the cooling systems at several nuclear power plants to fail. The disaster in Japan was a tragic event, and it had a plethora of causes and effects.
The concurrent convective circulations in the mantle leads to some segments of the mantle moving on top of the outer core which is very hot and molten in nature. This kind of movement in different segments occurs as tectonic plates. These tectonic plates are basically seven on the earth surface as major ones, although, several small ones exist also. The plates motions are characterized by varying velocities, this variance results to sub sequential collision of two plates (leading to formation of a mountain in a convergent boundary), drift of two plates (leading to formation of rifts in a divergent boundary), or parallel movement in a transform boundary(Webcache 3).