We were all taught that there were four states of matter: Solids, Liquids, Gases, and Plasma, but some states of matter cannot be defined by one the these four. One of which are liquid crystals. These crystals have properties of both liquids and solids. They physically flow like liquids, but also share characteristics of crystalline solids. There is also more then one type of liquid crystals along with their different phases. Since they have so many properties, its no wonder how much we use them today. They can be found in the majority of today’s electronics and technologies.
The first discovery of liquid crystals is thought to be around 150 years ago, but was not clearly specified until around 50 years ago. The first discovery was made around the 1850’s by Virchow, Mettenheimer and Valentin. They were studying a certain type of nerve fibers and one day realized when they were left in water, they formed a fluid substance, when viewed using polarized light, would exhibit a strange behavior . They didn‘t notice that this behavior was a new phase between a liquid and a solid, but they are credited with the first observation of liquid crystals. A while Later, in 1877, Otto Lehmann used a polarizing microscope with a heated stage to investigate the phase transitions of different substances. He discovered that one of the substances he was testing would change from a clear liquid to a cloudy liquid before crystallizing. He did not think of this as a new phase, but thought that it was an imperfect transition from the different phases from liquid to crystal, or a non-definite phase. A year later in 1888, Reinitzer conducted similar experiments to those above and was the first to state that this cloudy fluid was a new phase of matter....
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...aces. Other biological uses include cell membranes DNA, and proteins. The liquid crystal phase has a big role in our live and contributes to living things. It also contributes to everyday technologies. This is one important phase of matter that we will continue to use every day and continue to use to benefit our civiliztion to improve for the better.
Works Cited http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal http://www.lci.kent.edu/lc.html#Description
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/lcd.htm
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/liquid_crystal.aspx
http://www.eng.ox.ac.uk/lc/introduction/intro_1.html
http://www.personal.soton.ac.uk/tim/lc.html
http://plc.cwru.edu/tutorial/enhanced/files/LC/intro.htm
http://74.125.47.132/search?q=cache:FXC5vOAN7woJ:invsee.asu.edu/nmodules/liquidmod/good.html+uses+for+liquid+crystals&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us
Zirconia has three crystalline forms: monoclinic phase, tetragonal phase and cubic phase. Monoclinic phase exists in zirconia stable up to temperature 1170˚C. Above 1170˚C, the monoclinic phase transforms to tetragonal phase and further transform to cubic phase above 2370˚C. While cooling down below 1070˚C, tetragonal phase becomes unstable and start transformation of monoclinic phase. Thus tetragonal phase is hard to exist at the room temperature.
Matter exists in three basic states: solid, liquid, or gas. A substance experiences a phase change when the physical characteristics of that substance change from one state to another state. Perhaps the most recognizable examples of phase changes are those changes from a solid to a liquid or a liquid to a gas. When a substance goes through a phase change, there is a change in the internal energy of the substance but not the temperature of the substance (Serway, et al. 611).
ILs are designer solvents. One or both of the constituent ions can be changed in order to control physical properties.
...nstead of the common crystalline state, something that is extremely hard (gizmodo.com). That’s where the liquid levitation comes in, a machine that uses sound waves to make liquid solutions float. This way the liquid solutions don't touch any solid materials as the water evaporates, solidifying in the much desired amorphous drug, so it can be more efficient in helping.
...te evidence as to how it would be a solid or even how it would occur to be one. It seems that this debate is evenly divided between specialists. Even more interesting is that most of the chemists and material specialists seem to believe that glass is clearly an amorphous solid and have scientific facts such as the structure of amorphous solids that has long been defined. On the other side, we see more physicists concluding that glass is either not a defined state yet or is a “super-cooled” liquid moving at a rate too slow to be defined. The solution to the glass transition has many more years of research to go and does not seem to be coming to a conclusion anytime soon. Glass may even possibly be its very own state outside of the common four states of matter. In the words of Dr. Harrowell, “Glass is an example, probably the simplest example, of the truly complex”.
The Compound Light Microscope is a tool used to make images larger of small objects that are hard to study with your eyes. The compound light microscope, which is going to be used in this lab activity, is an instrument with two lenses and various knobs to focus the image. In this lab, we will learn about the microscope and how to properly use it (Kim, 2001). Anton van Leeuwenhoek (2001) was the first person to observe and describe single celled organisms by using handcrafted microscopes. He originally referred to these single celled organisms as animalcules which we now call microorganisms. Even though he was the first person to do all of this, however he was also the first to record and observe muscle fibres, spermatozoa, bacteria and blood flow in capillaries which are also referred to as small blood vessels. Zacharias Jansen (2001) is known to be the first creator of the compound microscope and is dated around the 1590's. There were
The crystalline lens is a fibrous, jelly-like material that serves to fine tune the vision process by adjusting its shape and therefore the focal length of the system.
Saferstein lists the three forms that fall under: solid, liquid, and gas. “A solid is rigid and therefore has a definite shape and volume. A liquid also occupies a specific volume, but its fluidity causes it to take the shape of the container in which it is residing. A gas has neither a definite shape nor volume, and it will completely fill any container into which it is place” (2011, Pg. 120). Chromatography, spectrophotometry, and mass spectrometry are used to identify or compare organic materials.
In 1704 Newton actually composed the book on the refraction of light. Jazzily titled "Opticks," the work changed the way we consider light and color. Researchers of the day realized that rainbows formed when the light was refracted and reflected in raindrops, however, they didn 't know why rainbows were so beautiful. At the point when Newton initially started his studies at Cambridge, the normal theory was that the water some way or another colored the sun 's beams distinctive colors. Utilizing a light and a crystal, Newton tested by running white light through a crystal to separate it into a rainbow of colors. The crystal trick was nothing new, The crystal trick was nothing new. By mirroring the scattered pillars into another crystal, however, Newton reformed them back into the white light, proving that the colors were a characteristic of the light
The earliest development of the microscope can be traced back to the ancient world with the appearance of the magnifying glass, which was at that time use as a “burning glass.”The conception of the action of the magnifying glass with regards to the production of a magnified image that could supplement the human eye first appeared in the 13th century. It was at this time that the ancestor of the microscope ancestor, the glass lens, first appeared.It was discovered by Roger Bacon in 1268. As he tried to improve the “burning glass,” he accidentally broke a crystal sphere and made several observations through it. This led him to the following conclusion:
...s that I have discovered it has come to my attention that there is an early belief that crystals were pieces of ice, frozen so hard that they never melted.
In 1817, an aging Swedish chemist was pouring over his work on a late afternoon in Stockholm, Sweden. He was analyzing a strange ore named Petalite that had been procured from an island off the coast of Sweden called Utö. The ore Petalite (which is now recognized to be LiAl(Si2O5)2) had been discovered by a Brazilian scientist, José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva towards the end of the 18th century on a visit to Sweden. This Swedish scientist, Johann August Arfvedson, detected traces of an unknown substance in his sample of Petalite. This was the first discovery of Lithium.
These phases can go from one to another when affected by certain things, which is known as phase changes. To switch from a solid to a liquid, the solid must melt. On the other hand, to switch from a liquid to a solid, freezing must occur. Furthermore, to switch from a liquid to a gas, a process known as evaporation must take place. In contrast, to go from a gas to a liquid, condensation must take place. Furthermore, sublimation must take place for a solid to turn to a gas. Inversely, deposition must occur for a gas to change to a solid.
The name of the structure doesn’t matter as much as the pleasure received; some may call them glass rooms or greenhouses. The uses of these glass structures vary as the weather they see. The structures all contain glass allowing people a place to view the natural environment inside. These structures are mediums in which outside and inside environments are connected. For many people myself included, there is a fantasy of being in an environment that is exotic and surreal.
Crystals can be made out of many things. Metal, food, and minerals are just a few examples. Salt is a crystal, and so is sugar. Many types of rocks are crystalline. Visible crystals depend on how fast the object cools. If it cools too quickly, there are no large crystals. Larger crystals require slow cooling. According to Funk and Wagnall’s New Word Encyclopedia, “Still slower cooling results in a rock of porphyritic structure, in which some of the crystals are large enough to be visi...