The bacteria, Lactobacillus johnsonii, is known to be a probiotic. Probiotics are defined to be “friendly bacteria” in which have many health aspects in the body. Lactobacillus Johnsonii and many other probiotics are mainly found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. L. johnsonii is also a part of the acidophilus complex where it is linked to other Lactobacilli to promote some health aspects such as increased immune function7.
An average BIOL 329 student should understand that even though L. johnsonii is a part of this complex it has a few quirks so here is a little background information of L. johnsonii. L. johnsonii cannot produce many of its required amino acids, purine nucleotides, and cofactors. To function properly, it has an above average amount of channels to get these necessities. Furthermore, this bacterium in question, is a gram positive bacteria which means that it does not endanger the host in which it resides. Instead this bacterium helps the host.
On another note, there are four things that students of this level in biology should also know to comprehend this paper. One, mice were used in this experiment that is going to be explained further in this paper. Mice in general, are used in the studies such as this due to their many genetic similarities to humans. The most important of those similarities is their gastrointestinal tract and their immune system.
Second, ovalbumin and cockroach allergen were used to infect the mice. Ovalbumin (OVA) is an antigen used mostly in immunization studies due to it being able to produce an immune response. The cockroach allergen was used as a stimulus to infect the mice immune system as well.
Thirdly, IgE is an antibody that functions in the development of asthm...
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...hammer. Complete genome sequence of the probiotic lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM. vol. 102 no. 11, 3906-3912. (Pubmed)
8. R. Y. Hertzberger, R. D. Pridmore, C. Gysler, M. Kleerebezem, M. J. T. Mattos. Oxygen Relieves the CO2 and Acetate Dependency of Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC 533. PLoS ONE 8(2): e57235. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057235. 26 Feb. 2013 (PLOS)
9. N. Horn, U. Wegmann, E. Dertli, F. Mulholland, S. R. A. Collins, K. W. Waldron, R. J. Bongaerts, M. J. Mayer, A. Narbad. Spontaneous Mutation Reveals Influence of Exopolysaccharide on Lactobacillus Johnsonii. PLoS ONE 8(3): e59957. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059957. 27 Mar. 2013. (PLOS)
10. Kailasapathy, K. 2013 Commercial sources of probiotic strains and their validated and potential health benefits-a review. International Journal of Fermented Foods 2.1 p. 1-17. (Google Scholar)
In this lab project, the microbiology students were given 2 unknown bacteria in a mixed broth each broth being numbered. The goal of this project is to determine the species of bacteria in the broth. They had to separate and isolate the bacteria from the mixed broth and ran numerous tests to identify the unknown bacteria. The significance of identifying an unknown bacteria is in a clinical setting. Determining the exact bacteria in order to prescribe the right treatment for the patient. This project is significant for a microbiology students because it gives necessary skills to them for future careers relating to clinical and research work.
The purpose of this study is to identify an unknown bacterium from a mixed culture, by conducting different biochemical tests. Bacteria are an integral part of our ecosystem. They can be found anywhere and identifying them becomes crucial to understanding their characteristics and their effects on other living things, especially humans. Biochemical testing helps us identify the microorganism present with great accuracy. The tests used in this experiment are rudimentary but are fundamental starting points for tests used in medical labs and helps students attain a better understanding of how tests are conducted in a real lab setting. The first step in this process is to use gram-staining technique to narrow down the unknown bacteria into one of the two big domains; gram-negative and gram-positive. Once the gram type is identified, biochemical tests are conducted to narrow down the specific bacterial species. These biochemical tests are process of elimination that relies on the bacteria’s ability to breakdown certain kinds of food sources, their respiratory abilities and other biochemical conditions found in nature.
Quigley, Lisa, et al. "The Microbial Content Of Raw And Pasteurized Cow Milk As Determined
Talaro , K., & Chess, B. (2012). Foundations in microbiology. (8th ed., pp. 563-564). New York, NY:
applied probiotic capsules for bacterial vaginosis and other vaginal infections: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 168(2013), 75-79. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.12.031p
The lac operon is a transcriptional control of lactose metabolism in bacteria. The operon contains three transcriptional genes, lac Z, lac Y and lac A, which encodes for β-galactosidase, permease and transacetylase respectively. Lac P and lac O copes for the lac promoter and the lac operator, essential to the functioning of this operon. β-galactosidase converts lactose to allolatose, while permease allow lactose to be transported into the cell. Transacetylase does not have a role in lactose usage. In the absence of lactose, there is no allolactose, converted from lactose by β-galactosidase, to the active regulatory repressor, and thus the repressor binds to the operator and transcription is inhibited, as the RNA polymerase bound to the promoter is blocked. In the presence of lactose, allolactose binds to the repressor, rendering it inactive and unable to bind to the operator, allowing the transcription of the three structural genes.
Michael W. McConnell, “The Forgotten Constitutional Moment,” Constitutional Commentary, No. 1. 1 (Winter 1994): 121-22. 21. What is the difference between a'smart' and a'smart'?
Vol. 3. What is the difference between a'smart' and a'smart'? Detroit, MI: St. James Press, 2000. 172-174.
Volume 5, Issue 10, 6 October 2010, e13181. 3. What is the difference between a'smart' and a'smart'? Cox-Foster, D.L., Conlan, S., Holmes, E.C., Palacios, G., Evans, J.D., Moran, N.A., Quan, P., Briese, T., Hornig, M., Geiser, D.M., Martinson, V., vanEngelsdorp, D., Kalkstein, A.L., Drysdale, A., Hui, J., Zhai, J., Cui, L., Hut Science. The. Volume 318, Number 58848, 6 September 2007, Pages 283 – 287. 4.
Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0036-8075%2819560817%293%3A124%3A3216%3C322%3ATPP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-L This site is very reliable. This is the Scholarly Journal Archive. 3. What is the difference between a'smart' and a'smart'?
Dietary Fiber fermentability also varies due to a high diversity in both physical structure and the chemicals bound between monomers found in the digestive tract (Bindelle et al., 2007). Dietary Fiber that escapes digestion in the upper part of the gastro-intestinal tract, is potentially available for bacterial fermentation in the large intestine. The anaerobic bacteria concentration in the pig gastro-intestinal tract passes thus into the stomach and the small intestine to the large intestine. The intestinal bacteria hydrolyse the polysaccharides composing the Dietary Fiber and metabolise their constituent sugars through a series of anaerobic energy-yielding reactions leading to the production of ATP which is essential for bacteria basal and growth metabolism (Bindelle and Buldgen,
Vol. 6. What is the difference between a'smart' and a'smart'? Detroit: Gale Books, 1984. 32.
of the book. Vol. 24. What is the difference between a'smart' and a'smart'? Berkeley, CA: University of California, 1984.
5 December 2006. Archived from the original on 30 December 2006. Retrieved 6 January, 2008. 9. What is the difference between a'smart' and a'smart'?
Vol. 3. What is the difference between a'smart' and a'smart'?