Lab: Enzymes – Protein Catalysts Abstract: Enzymes are catalysts therefore we can state that they work to start a reaction or speed it up. The chemical transformed due to the enzyme (catalase) is known as the substrate. In this lab the chemical used was hydrogen peroxide because it can be broken down by catalase. The substrate in this lab would be hydrogen peroxide and the enzymes used will be catalase which is found in both potatoes and liver. This substrate will fill the active sites on the enzyme and the reaction will vary based on the concentration of both and the different factors in the experiment. Students placed either liver or potatoes in test tubes with the substrate and observed them at different temperatures as well as with different concentrations of the substrate. Upon reviewing observations, it can be concluded that liver contains the greater amount of catalase as its rates of reaction were greater than that of the potato. Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to explore the different factors which effect enzyme activity and the rates of reaction, such as particle size and temperature. Materials: “As per lab handout: Enzymes-Protein Catalysts” Method: “As per lab handout: Enzymes-Protein Catalysts” Observations: Liver and Potatoes will be placed in hydrogen peroxide in order to observe the reactions due to the enzyme, catalase, found in both. Discussion 1. Hydrogen peroxide is a liquid which contains hydrogen atoms as well as two oxygen atoms. The oxygen atoms are very strong oxidizing agents therefore in order to break this substrate down it must undergo oxidation. This can be done (David and John Free, 2006) 2. The size of particles plays an important role on the rate of enzyme re... ... middle of paper ... ...nt. Due to this observation we can conclude that there were no catalysts or enzymes present in the sand. References Birju Amin. (2003) Catalase. Retrieved on March 6, 20011, from http://catalaseboy.tripod.com/1.htm David and John Free. (26 Nov 2006). MadSci Network: Chemistry. Retrieved on March 6, 2011, from http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2007-02/1171045656.Ch.r.html J.Gunsch. (03 March 2011). What are enzymes?. Retrieved on March 6,2011, from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-enzymes.htm Jim Clark. (2007). The effect of changing conditions in enzyme catalysis. Retrieved on March 6, 2001, from http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/aminoacids/enzymes2.html Unknown. (2007). The battle of liver and potato. Retrieved on March 6, 2011, from http://tlc.howstuffworks.com/family/science-projects-for-kids-chemical-reactions5.htm
Living organisms undergo chemical reactions with the help of unique proteins known as enzymes. Enzymes significantly assist in these processes by accelerating the rate of reaction in order to maintain life in the organism. Without enzymes, an organism would not be able to survive as long, because its chemical reactions would be too slow to prolong life. The properties and functions of enzymes during chemical reactions can help analyze the activity of the specific enzyme catalase, which can be found in bovine liver and yeast. Our hypothesis regarding enzyme activity is that the aspects of biology and environmental factors contribute to the different enzyme activities between bovine liver and yeast.
Catalase is a common enzyme that is produced in all living organisms. All living organisms are made up of cells and within the cells, enzymes function to increase the rate of chemical reactions. Enzymes function to create the same reactions using a lower amount of energy. The reactions of catalase play an important role to life, for example, it breaks down hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water. Our group developed an experiment to test the rate of reaction of catalase in whole carrots and pinto beans with various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. Almost all enzymes are proteins and proteins are made up of amino acids. The areas within an enzyme speed up the chemical reactions which are known as the active sites, and are also where the
In this experiment the enzyme peroxidase and the substrate hydrogen peroxide were not mixed initially, instead they were both placed in separate tubes and were incubated at a specific temperature, to prevent hydrogen peroxide from undergoing any reaction with peroxidase until they both acquire the required temperature.
The purpose of conducting an experiment using various temperatures, pH levels, and enzyme concentrations was to observe the effects these factors had on the rate of horseradish peroxidase activity. Furthermore, testing how peroxidase reacts to different set ambient conditions and finding the conditions that allow for maximum rates. Enzymes are used in this experiment to demonstrate the importance of certain environmental conditions since they affect the speed of an enzymatic reaction in order to carry out life. An extract from horseradish is used as the enzyme since it contains peroxidase which has a highly accessible active site. The experiment was administered by using a spectrometer as a tool to measure oxygen production using an indicator called guaiacol which would allow the rate of horseradish peroxidase activity to be seen. Environmental circumstances, such as enzyme concentration, temperature, and pH, are tested by using guaiacol as an indicator of oxygen production and H2O2 as an oxygen producing agent. The ending results conclude that higher enzyme concentration can increase the speed of the rate of enzyme activity. The results also conclude
In this experiment, in the first part, the best concentration of enzyme was determined by recording the absorption over time. In the second part, the best concentration was selected from the previous experiment which was C and the optimum pH was determined.
Warm Potato: that when the potato is warmed but not heated over 35 degrees (due to high temperature will...
5 test tubes were prepared for dilution respectively to 5 spec tubes that had the inhibitor and water and ready for the enzyme addition. Recordings were done every 60 seconds for 3 minutes. Reaction rate was then calculated after time ended. After having used the inhibitor, the steps were repeated but replace the inhibitor with water as control and experimented for the rates without the inhibitor. Percentages were graphed by the percentage inhibition versus the substrate concentration for the inhibitor. Part 5 of the experiment was to determine the effect of temperature or pH on the reaction rate. In doing so, each group in the lab was designated a particular enzyme that was exposed in different temperatures (Schultz, 2006). The enzymes were exposed before the beginning of the experiment into these different temperatures: boiling, warm (heat), room temperature, cold (ice bath), and frozen. Each enzyme was allowed back to room temperature before adding the buffered catechol with the 1 ml of enzyme into the spec tube (Schultz, 2006). Reaction rate was then determined from the reading. Absorbance versus time was plotted with the determined initial rate of each
The Effect of Substrate Concentration on the Rate of Reaction Between Yeast Catalase and Hydrogen Peroxide
the same brand of potato. By doing this I will make it a fair test.
If enzymes are available, other factors contribute to the rate of the reaction, such as pH and temperature as mentioned earlier. Concentration of both the enzyme and the substrate also affects how quickly the reaction occurs within the cell. The amount of enzyme that exists in the cell can affect how much product is formed. The concentration of catalase where enzyme activity is the highest 20% due to the difference in concentrations of the substrate and the enzyme. Activity is the greatest when there is a larger ratio of substrate to enzyme
The purpose of the experiment conducted is to understand the role of enzymes in maintaining life and to be able to identify and explain various factors that affect enzyme functions. Make sure to be wearing lab appropriate clothing, a lab coat, and safety goggles at all times since this experiment involves you handling dangerous chemicals like hydroxylamine. For this experiment one of the main materials needed is a spectrophotometer. The use of the spectrophotometer is very important in this experiment. You will test three concentrations of enzyme (0.5 ml, 1.0 ml, and 2.0 ml of turnip extract) and three concentrations of substrate (0.1 ml, 0.2 ml, and 0.4 ml hydrogen peroxide). You always need to make sure you have a control, the control in this experiment is the turnip extract and the color reagent guaiacol. Increasing the temperature increases the rate of an enzyme reaction, decreasing the temperature decreases the rate of an enzyme reaction. Denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the quaternary structure, tertiary structure and secondary structure. Hydroxylamine is a colorless inorganic compound and an odorless white crystalline solid.
Madar, Sylvia S., & Windelspecht, Michael. (2014). Inquiry into Life, Metabolism: Energy & Enzymes (pp. 104-107). New York: McGraw Hill.
Many factors, for example, pH and temperature affects the way enzymes work by either increasing the rate or determining the type of product produced (). The report, therefore, analyses the effects of the enzyme peroxidase in metabolic reactions and determining its optimum temperature in the reactions.
In this lab, it was determined how the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is affected by physical factors such as enzyme concentration, temperature, and substrate concentration affect. The question of what factors influence enzyme activity can be answered by the results of peroxidase activity and its relation to temperature and whether or not hydroxylamine causes a reaction change with enzyme activity. An enzyme is a protein produced by a living organism that serves as a biological catalyst. A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction and does so by lowering the activation energy of a reaction. With that energy reactants are brought together so that products can be formed.
Purpose: This lab gives the idea about the enzyme. We will do two different experiments. Enzyme is a protein that made of strings of amino acids and it is helping to produce chemical reactions in the quickest way. In the first experiment, we are testing water, sucrose solution, salt solution, and hydrogen peroxide to see which can increase the bubbles. So we can understand that enzyme producing chemical reactions in the speed. In the second experiment, we are using temperature of room, boiling water, refrigerator, and freezer to see what will effect the enzyme.