Adderall, Ritalin, AD/HD, and Abuse
Attention Deficit Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder are behavioral disorders affecting attention span, impulse control, and self-discipline. They are usually associated with children, although adults can suffer from the same disorders. It is estimated that 4% - 6% of the U.S. population suffers from AD/HD, and children with the disorders carry them into adulthood more than half the time. Typically medicated with psychostimulants such as Ritalin or Adderall, (methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine, respectively), concern over these disorders surrounds problems such as over-diagnosis or misuse of the prescription medications.
ADD is characterized by an inability to concentrate, poor self-control, and short attention span. ADHD is essentially characterized by the same deficiencies except it includes hyperactivity and impulsiveness. The two are generally grouped together in the acronym AD/HD and are treated the same way, although each diagnosis can be labeled with a subtype of predominantly inattentive type, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type, or a combination type. Treatment involves psychological, educational, and social remedial measures along with medication, but frequently the more time-consuming efforts for treatment are disregarded in today's impatient world, with parents and patients hastily looking to medication for a quick solution.
Ritalin is the brand name for methylphenidate hydrochloride, a stimulant which was introduced in 1956 and affects the way the brain filters and responds to stimuli. This can be helpful to a person with AD/HD who feels bombarded by stimuli and is easily distracted. Although its workings are still largely not understood, meth...
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...DMA (ecstasy), with the exception of seratonin for dopamine. Everything in moderation--methylphenidate and amphetamines can be beneficial for academic focus, but dangerous if their guidelines are not respected.
References
1)Biopsychiatry, Methylphenidate/Cocaine Comparisons
http://www.biopsychiatry.com/
2)CHADD Children and Adults with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder,
http://www.chadd.org/
3)National Attention Deficit Disorder Association,
http://www.add.org/
4)Erowid,
http://www.erowid.org/ask/ask.cgi?ID=2846
5)Assessment of Adult AD/HD,
http://www.erowid.org/ask/ask.cgi?ID=2846
6)ADD Drug Abuse Rising,
http://www.detnews.com/2001/health/0111/20/a02-347551.htm
7)Overdiagnosis Unlikely,
http://jama.ama-assn.org/issues/v281n16/ffull/jlt0428-4.html
8) Self-Test for AD/HD,
http://www.amenclinic.com/ac/addtests/adult.asp
...uls of Black Folk, the readers in the Twentieth-Century America can draw direct parallels to events, stories, and the morays of those in the past to today. The chapter "Of the Coming Of John" helps us interpret the present inequities in educational opportunities. There is also resentment for affirmative action that has been spoken by the dominant white male that reflects the court decision on affirmative action of modern time. The reader can contemplate the passage of Du Bois' essay to substitute the words "colored" and "Negro" with African-America, Nigger, illegal alien, Mexican, inner-city dwellers, and other meanings that articulate people that are not listed as a majority. Du Bois' essay is considered a classic because its' words can easily reflect to the modern day.
sure what causes ADHD, although some suggest that genes play a dominant role. Most likely
There is no doubt that black culture is full of eloquent and intellectual writers. During the Reconstruction and Harlem Renaissance, many would arrive at the forefront of modern literature that would begin to unravel stereotypes and reframe the black experience of being human in every genre. But none was as sophisticated and truly committed to using every platform of writing available to him than W.E.B. Du Bois. He made it a mission in his writings to attend to what it was to be black: to be black in black skin; to be a black intellectualist versus a non-intellectualist black, to be a black living in economic, social and political deficiency and discriminatory neglect; and to be black, and viewed essentially
The United States after the Civil War was still not an entirely safe place for African-Americans, especially in the South. Many of the freedoms other Americans got to enjoy were still largely limited to African-Americans at the time. At the beginning of the 20th Century, Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois emerged as black leaders. Their respective visions for African-American society were different however. This paper will argue that Du Bois’s vision for American, although more radical at the time, was essential in the rise of the African-American society and a precursor to the Civil Rights Movement.
Du Bois poignantly captures the necessity for a legal equalizing measure in his description of the tragedy of slavery and the ragged, conflicted nature of the black consciousness that resulted. He writes, “the facing of so vast a prejudice could not but bring the inevitable self-questioning, self-disparagement, and lowering of ideals which ever accompany repressio...
DuBois presents the question “[h]ow does it feel to be a problem?”, introducing the attitude towards African-Americans upon their emancipation (DuBois 3). The idea of freedom for slaves meant equality, but “the freedman has not yet found in freedom his promised land […] the shadow of a deep disappointment rests upon the Negro people” (6). The challenge faced during this time was how to deal with the now freed slaves who once had no rights. DuBois states that African-Americans merely wish “to make it possible for a man to be both a Negro and an American, without being cursed and spit upon by his fellows, without having the doors of Opportunity closed roughly i...
W.E.B. Du Bois’ The Souls of Black Folk first advises the reader in “The Forethought” to take in the novel as an attempt to understand the world of African Americans and life before full emancipation. The novel is addressed to the people of the early twentieth century and consists of various collections of autobiographical and historical essays. Throughout the novel, Du Bois stresses the conflict of the “color-line” that has profoundly existed between blacks and whites; and, he sets these themes and theories about this conflict as a detailed blueprint for the full emancipation of the African Americans. Du Bois illustrates the duality or “double-consciousness” that centralizes around his main novel as well as the “Veil” that many of the African Americans experienced during that time. He interprets many of his own experiences and creates a narrative of the story of the souls of all black people. In The Souls of Black Folk, Du Bois straddles the two colored worlds and portrays, in an effective way, the meaning of African Americans’ involvement in the twentieth century.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is the most widely diagnosed “mental-illness” in children in the United States today, and approximately 99% of children diagnosed are prescribed daily doses of methylphenidate in order to control undesirable behaviors. (Stolzer)
Du Bois’ study of the American race revealed the propaganda about what the American children are being taught today about Reconstruction. This era was two-fold; the entire nation, the North and the South, had to rebuild after the Civil War and the South had to reconstruct the state and society. The facts were falsified in order for the “Southerners” to save face. The three issues taught about the Negroes were that they were ignorant, lazy & dishonest, and responsible for bad government during the Reconstruction process. They were deemed ignorant because they did not know how to read. As slaves, they were not allowed to go to school or even own a book without severe punishment. Because they had no or very low book learning, some Negroes depended on others who took advantage of them. Due to their lack of knowledge, they could not be effective ...
... a dishonorable quality. While the rest of the village women were expected to remain quiet, secretive, and refined, Maria Cervantes was allowed to be quite the opposite. She was not born and bred to become a wife as her fellow generation of women were.
Du Bois's book provides an insight into how African- Americans felt, and handled things during this controversial time. The main topics of The Souls of Black Folk include African- American worldviews, the policies of Booker T Washington, the impact of segregation and discrimination upon black folk, stereotypes, African- American history and spirituality, and generl feelings possesed by African- Americans of this time. Du Bois makes some very stron point and includes his own perspective in his writing. Du Bois even created his own ideals of how black folks could achieve complete freedom. In his opinion, the most important aspects of life that African-Americans should be granted with are, the right to an education, the right to vote, and the right to be treated justly and as an equal. This is an apperant opinion of his throughout the entir...
In the work of Du Bois, the main concern appears to be the way African Americans are portrayed in literature post-Reconstruction era. In his article, he states that there are three main ideas that are portrayed from textbooks about the African American population: “all Negros were ignorant; all Negros were lazy, dishonest, and extravagant; Negros were responsible for bad government during Reconstruction.” Several examples are given to support each statement, after which Du Bois discusses the hardships of the past several decades from slavery to Reconstruction and how the truth frequently fails to be told. The article, written in 1935, seems to depict a tone of frustration and disgust at the American people, particularly the white population who exhibits these beliefs. The purpose seems to be fairly straightforward-exhibiting the is...
Throughout his essay, Du Bois challenged Booker T. Washington’s policy of racial accommodation and gradualism. In this article Du Bois discusses many issues he believes he sees
Although Virginia Woolf s Moments of Being begins with concern for her reader, she eventually gets caught up in her writing and writes on a more personal level. Rather than writing her autobiography to convince the reader of something, she writes a heartfelt, introspective work. In writing her autobiography, she is not searching for reader empathy; instead she is coming to terms with her past.
Whatever the problematic implications, Woolf called for a new era where "[women] have the habit of freedom and the courage to write exactly what [they] think" (Woolf 113). She closed her treatise on a comment pointed at the female writers of her age: "I maintain that she [Shakespeare's sister] would come if we worked for her, and that so to work, even in poverty and obscurity, is worth while" (114).