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consequences of mass migration
an 2000 essay about malaria
consequences of mass migration
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Koch believes that most health issues arise because of biological issues, and thus can only be cured with medical advancement. On the other hand, Virchow believed that the main cause of adverse health was because of poverty and biological principles. Both men have fantastic arguments, but to see which makes more sense in our modern world, we will have to delve into some real world examples. First we will take a look at an article on malaria, which is scholarly work by Packard. Secondly we will analyze a video on Guatemala’s new approach to health care. And lastly I will bring up a real world example on the Colorado Haiti Project. While looking at these three very different subjects, I will conclude whether these regions side with Koch or Virchow.
First let us look at Packard’s articles that he wrote on malaria. Packard gave many examples of why and how malaria spread rapidly in some regions. The first examples are as follows, “The drought that damaged the crops and undermined peoples’ resistance to disease, the subsequent flooding that produced breeding conditions for local anopheline mosquitoes, and the mass migration of people in search of food who returned infected with malaria (Packard, 2).” In this example Packard states that the spread of malaria was a result of three specific actions. The first action was the drought, which was followed later by the flooding, and lastly mass migrations. All three of these things had to be in play in order for malaria to spread in the Archangel region. But the argument stands, who is right in this situation? Koch or Virchow. In the following example, I think that Virchow holds the upper hand. These people had a lack of wealth and government development, and because of that they were affec...
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... at the real world example about the Colorado Haiti Project, which also has the same outlook as our other examples, Virchow. In conclusion, I would like to say that biology is very important aspect for health in nations, but without structural integrity of the people and governments disease will always be on the rise.
Works Cited
Butterfoss, F. D., R. M. Goodman, and A. Wandersman. "Community Coalitions for Prevention and Health Promotion: Factors Predicting Satisfaction, Participation, and Planning." Health Education & Behavior 23.1 (1996): 65-79. Print.
No Author. "Mission | Colorado Haiti Project." Colorado Haiti Project Mission Comments. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2013. .
Packard, Randall M. The Making of a Tropical Disease: A Short History of Malaria. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins UP, 2007. Print.
Because of geographic isolation, human societies develop either genetic or cultural defenses against certain types of disease, an adaptation that keeps them free from major endemic devastation (Patterson 3). K. David Patterson, Associate Professor of History, describes the African environment as “extremely dangerous for outsiders” and goes on to say that Europeans “generally found Africa’s ‘fevers’ and ‘fluxes’ deadly until the beginning of tropical medicine in the late nineteenth century” (7). Similarly, once the geographic and cultural barriers between West and East Africa were broken down, they became extremely vulnerable to the other’s infectious diseases (Azevedo 121).
The story of drug-resistant malaria in Cambodia is significant because people in other countries could be affected and must be aware of the fact that it is becoming immune to the most powerful drugs used to fight it. So many people have died from this deadly disease and so many are dying from it already, so many more are at risk and they must be aware.
Haiti is a prime example of how human needs in one area of the world are interdependent with social conditions elsewhere in the world. Haiti, for most of its history has been overwhelmed with economic mismanage and political violence. While in Haiti Dr. Farmer discovers that his patients live in poverty, filth, pain and famine. Many of the Haitian residents will die young due to diseases or violence, especially when their own doctors are inexperienced and practice medicine in less than savory clinics. How do you deliver quality healthcare to a destitute area of the world when its residence, although may be cured of their disease, will return to no clean running water, an extreme lack of quality food and basic necessitates that majority of us take for granted, no safe shelters from disease carrying insects, and no means to protect themselves from airborne and sexually transmitted diseases. Returning to the same conditions that caused the diseases in the first place, without a change in the environment, can be viewed as a never ending battle.
McNeil WH. Plagues and peoples: a natural history of infectious diseases. New York: Anchor Press,1976.
Watson R. Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia by PCC Garnham, CMG, MD, D. Sc., FRS, Professor of Medical Protozoology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London. xviii+ 1,114 pages, illustrated. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. 1966. $35. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1967; 16 (4): 561--563.
Malaria has been credited to bringing down whole civilizations. Alexander the Great, in 323 B.C., was afflicted with the fevers which rendered him lifeless and crushed his dream of uniting the regions of his world. The fevers, heavy set in Rome, instilled such fear in the Catholic Church that the Vatican fled to Avignon, France for 68 years. Commoners with malaria were left too listless to work. Field hands and farmers neglected the crops. The fevers may well have been a hindrance to the progress of agriculture.
I grew up in a small island call Haiti, along with the Dominican Republic it's makes the Hispaniola. This small island has faced many health difficulties since it's existence. Recently, they were faced with Ebola, a deadly disease that began in West Africa. In 2010, Haiti had a brutal earthquake that left many in despair. To this day the aftermath of this natural disaster is causing sickness, lack of food, no shelter and much more. A health epidemic in Haiti for a while now is Malaria, which is an infection/disease that is caused by Anopheles mosquitoes who feeds on humans. The name Anopheles come Greek meaning “Not profit” or useless. This mosquito has cause severe damage to the human race. To further explain how the infection affects the
Malaria kills over 3000 children ever-single day 12. This statistic illustrates the tragic outcome that is associated with this devastating disease. In the United States, we fail to completely understand the gravity of Malaria because it is not relevant in our daily lives. The same cannot be said of other nations around the world that are still considered high-risk areas. Sub-Saharan Africa is widely known to bears the greatest mortality rate at the hands of this fatal infection 12. Despite constant efforts to fight malaria, several economic, social, and biological factors have hindered its eradication.
The symptoms of malaria were described in ancient Chinese medical writings but the word ‘Malaria’ was not yet in use. In 2700 BC, several characteristic symptoms of what would later be named malaria were described in the Nei Ching, The Canon of Medicine. ‘Malaria’ became widely recognized in Greece by the 4th century BCE, and it was responsible for the decline of many of the city-state populations. Hippocrates noted the principal symptoms. By the age of Pericles, there were extensive references to ‘malaria’ in literature an...
The healthcare of the poor in the US can provide information that can be useful in Haiti’s public health crisis. In specific, the inequalities and poverty that the poor have to face in the US can provide framework for Haiti’s public health crisis. Farmer discusses how medical treatment can be expensive for poor Americans, especially since there have been numerous advances in biomedicine that make treatment quite expensive. If poor Americans cannot afford access to treatment, then it is nearly impossible for Haitians to be able to experience quality care either. In the US, tuberculosis is common in homeless shelters and in prison, which tend to be crowded areas. In Haiti, tuberculosis is also common mainly because families tend to live together and interact with each other frequently (e.g., Annette Jean and her family). Since there are commonalities in both the US and Haiti, Haiti’s health crisis may be solved by applying strategies that allow the US poor to access quality healthcare. The US has the money to try different strategies, while Haiti does
Orme J, Powell J Taylor P Harrison T Grey M (2003) Public Health for 21st Century Open University Press
To start, let us examine a persistent and pesky disease known as malaria. Today there is still a constant battle being fought against this easily transmitted disease. The people of Africa, Europe (particularly England and Germany), South America and the United States all felt widespread effects of this disease, although tropical conditions were more suitable and dangerous. With so many lives at risk worldwide, great strides were taken between the nineteenth and twentieth century to aid the situation. In the year of 1820, a couple scientists by the names of Caventou and Pelletier were successfully able to separate and extract a breakthrough chemical from bark called cinchona, or quinine. Cinchona was a popular plant in the rainforest that contained
In the recent article, "Malaria epidemic hits southern Venezuela" found on the Associated Press web site, reporter Ian James focuses on the Malaria epidemic that has hit southern Venezuela this year, particularly gold miners. From the lead, there is a clear indication as to the tone and direction the reporter will take. In this case, James focuses on a straightforward approach by answering the five basic questions: who, what, where, when and how.
Primary Health Care is crucial or vital care made globally attainable to individuals and families in the community by means they approve to, through their full contribution and at a cost that the community and country can manage. It forms a basic part both of the country’s health system of which it is the core and the inclusive of social and economic evaluation of the community. In other words primary health care targets on providing affordable, attainable and suitable services for the obstructive treatment and management of disease procedure. In 1978, the dispute of public health that is shielding the greatest level of health for the highest number of people formed the agenda for a meeting of public health representatives from 134 countries, universally . It was held in Alma Ata ( A city in the former USSR ) to build new ideas and new mottos in public health. Their focus was to authorize people to have command over decisions that affected their own health, families and communities. Also to reduce inequities. The promising statement for World Health Organization was “ Health for All ” (HFA). The paramount of Primary Health Care was aiding of proper nutrition and an adequate supply of safe water, basic sanitation, child and maternal care, including family planning, immunization against the major infectious diseases, prevention and stabilizing of endemic diseases, education empowerment, conquering health problems and methods of preventing and controlling them, and suitab...
An idea of a healthy community with a safe environment, accessibility to preventive health care services and screenings, education on health promotion that is stress-free and accessible and healthier grocery stores. Characteristics of a healthy community are ideas, activities, and resolutions derived from partnerships of diverse groups, regular self-evaluation that is part of the practice, which is the focus. A diversity of strategies, techniques, documents, and other resources would have to be executed to support and make a healthy community. If an individual 's knowledge of a healthy community is different from his or her belief then community strategy must be put in place in order to begin to achieve the goal of improving health. Community strategy must be supported by the individuals who are working together in order to be successful (Matthew, et al, 2001). In order for a strategy to become effective, a consistent plan should be created with achievable goals within a community. Also individuals that are strong, inspired, and truthful and determined should also carry out the