Since 2001, there was an average of five mumps cases per year in Iowa and 265 cases nationally (Quinlisk et al 2006). However, there were 219 cases reported in Iowa from December 2005 through March 2006, and by October there was a total of 1,964 cases. Nationally, there were 6,584 cases by the end of the outbreak (Quinlisk et al 2006 and Dayan et al 2008). The outbreak spread to 45 states. Neighboring Midwestern states were the most affected. These states were Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Nebraska, South Dakota, Kansas, and Missouri (Dayan et al 2008). The outbreak was characterized by the high rate of affected college student population with 84% of cases between ages of 18-24 and 83% of those enrolled in college. Also, there was a high 2-dose Measles Mumps and Rubella (MMR) vaccination rate among those infected with 63% of total cases and 84% of cases between the ages of 18-24(Dayan et al 2008). Mumps is an acute viral infection that is transmitted through contact with salivary gland secretions and airborne, such as coughing and sneezing (Quinlisk et al 2006, Dayan et al 2008, Parker Fiebelkorn et al 2012, and IDPH 2012).
Case reporting occurs on three different levels of public health – local, state, and national. The 2006 mumps outbreak investigation began at the state level. The Iowa Department of Public Health (IDPH) led the investigation using a passive surveillance strategy (Quinlisk 2010).
Mumps is a reportable disease condition in the state of Iowa. Hospitals, clinics, and laboratories have three days to report a positive diagnosis of mumps (IDPH 2012). . A mumps case can be diagnosed either by a positive laboratory test or meet the clinical definition. The clinical case definition of mumps is “an illness with...
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...mps in the United States. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1580-9.
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Partar Fiebelkorn, A., Barskey, A., Hickman, C., and Bellins, W. Mumps. Manual for Vaccine Preventable Diseases Fifth Edition. Chapter 9. 2012.
Quinlisk, P., and Dworkin, M. A Mumps Epidemic, Iowa, 2006. Cases in Field Epidemiology: A Global Perspective. Jones and Bartlet Learning. September 17, 2010
Quinlisk, P., Harris, M., Thornton, T., and Flanigan, L. Mumps Outbreak – Iowa 2006. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. April 17, 2006. 55(13); 366-368.
Reef et al. Update: Multistate Outbreak of Mumps – United States, January 1 – October 7, 2006. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. October 27, 2006 / 55(42);1152-1153
The authors used a historical timeline to introduce a need. Stressing the number of lives lost allows the authors show the importance of vaccines. The repeated emphasis on those lives being the lives of children played on the emotions of readers. Once the need is established Lee and Carson-Dewitt clarify the use of “a dead or mild form of a virus” to create a vaccine (Lee, Carson-Dewitt, 2016, p.2). The distinction of the types of
Heymann, D. (2004). Control of Communicable Diseases Manual.18th edition. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.
Atkinson, William. Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. Washington: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1996.
Wallace, J.M. ( 2014 May 19 )Measles, Mumps Outbreaks put Ohio at center of nationwide surge of vaccine preventable illnesses ;Cleveland Plain Dealer; retrieved from www.cleveland .com/health fit
many milder cases go undiagnosed, which may mean that the reported cases are just the tip of the iceberg.
Mumps is a paramyxovirus that is closely related to the parainfluenza virus. Its symptoms were first described in the 5th century BC, and it was a very common childhood affliction until the last several decades. It was identified as a virus in 1934, and an effective vaccine was developed in 1967. Mumps is acquired by aerosol, necessitating close human interaction for spread. Human beings are the only known reservoir for mumps virus, and there is only one serotype.
By 2006, vaccines for Measles, Mumps and Rubella (MMR), Hepatitis A and B, Chickenpox, and Hib were created and licensed. Vaccinations for these diseases, as they were created, would be required of students enrolled in school (“Government”). Today, the most common vaccines required by
WHO, (2005). Immunization against diseases of public health importance. Available at: < http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs288/en/index.html> [Accessed on 10 November 2010].
...s - Fact Sheet." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 22 Feb. 2011. Web. 08 Apr. 2014.
The mumps were used in biological warfare in order to kill off the natives – this was effective due to the fact that the indigenous people had never encountered this disease before and it resulted in the native population dropping by about 90%. The mumps is a common disease that is easily spread but has long since lost its fatal effect on humankind. Due to the easiness of spreading and contracting this disease, it traveled easily from the Old to the New World on the backs of explorers, conquistadors, colonists, and merchants. This disease wasn’t a very big issue for Europeans and Africans because most had developed an immunity to it – it was discovered in Ancient Greece by Hippocrates (American Academy of Pediatrics) – but for the natives in the Americas, it was their first time being exposed to such a disease. The Europeans noticed this at some point and started giving disease to the Native...
The Measles, Mumps ad Rubella (MMR) Vaccine was introduced as part of a vaccination programme in 1988, to vaccinate against three viruses, Morbillivirus measles virus, Rubulavirus (Mumps), and Rubivirus (Rubella), which caused three diseases which were commonplace in society before the start of the vaccination programme, and could often have fatal consequences. In this essay I intend to explore the controversy and risks associated with this vaccination and its components.
Vaccination protects children’s lives from fatal illness and complications of preventable disease, which could include amputation of body parts, paralysis, brain damage, and death. The scientists are constantly conducting research for a vaccine before it can be approved by the FDA. In addition, the research conducted by the National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention demonstrated the vaccines’ effectiveness. Likewise, immunization of children protects society by preventing the spread of disease. If infected children are not immunized, they could spread disease to other young children, who cannot be vaccinated. The cases for several infectious disease have dramatically decline in the United States. However, numerous disease are still common in other countries and are brought to the United States by international travelers. As a result, there should be a national law for mandatory vaccinations of
For my outbreak paper, I wanted to choose an existing disease that was extremely deadly and find possible scenarios of this disease’s transmission to the US. The disease I chose is called Marburg disease. I chose this disease because of its similarities to Ebola, which is also a very known deadly disease. Marburg has a high mortality rate, and fast progression form being healthy to being on your death bed. To create an outbreak for Marburg we need to understand the epidemiology of the disease including where it is from, how it moves, and if there are any treatments to prevent this disease. Unfortunately, Marburg was discovered accidently by trying to find a vaccine for polio.
Before the introduction of pertussis immunization in 1950s, the average number of notifications in England and Wales exceeded 100,000. In 1972, when vaccine acceptance was over eighty percent, there were only two hundred and sixty-nine notifications of the pertussis. The public anxieties were about the safety as well as the efficacy of the vaccine, followed by a report published about a possible link between the vaccine and it making children have brain damage. This caused medical coverage drop down to thirty percent, in 1975, resulting in a major epidemic in 1977 to 1979 as well as 1981 to 1983, resulting in more than 200,000 extra notifications of the illness and in 100 deaths from 1970s to the 1980s. The vaccine coverage steadily began to increase over the next few years as the public as well as professional confidence in the vaccine was beginning to restore, reaching up to 95% by 1995 and started to stay between 93% and 95% until in 2010 when it spiked up to 96%.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) studied the illness and death rates before and after widespread implementation of national vaccine recommendations (in place before 2005) for 13 vaccine-preventable diseases; diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, rubella (including congenital rubella syndrome), invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), acute hepatitis B, hepatitis A, varicella (chickenpox), Streptococcus pneumoniae and smallpox.