Introduction Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) is a short-term psychotherapy that was developed by Myrna Weissman and Gerald Klerman in the 1980’s. It focuses on the interpersonal relationships in the client’s life, instead of on past or biological causes. The therapy is kept fairly structured by the clinician’s use of a manual and aims to help the client recover from their current episode of depression. Interpersonal Psychotherapy has been used in conjunction with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in research studies, with promising results. Though initially developed for the use of depression, IPT has also been effective with other disorders, such as anxiety and eating disorders. Interpersonal Psychotherapy continues to be researched, as well as modified for use with other client populations such as adolescents. Clinicians, especially those who work with mood disorders, should learn more about IPT and decide if it is something they would like to incorporate into their practice. The Evolution of Interpersonal Psychosocial Therapy Interpersonal psychotherapy has its roots in the work of Harry Stack Sullivan, who was the first scholar to draw attention to the effect connections between humans may have on mental illness. Sullivan’s ideas were developed in reaction to his disagreements over Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic view that humans put up boundaries between each other instead of forming strong bonds (Evans, 1996). Unsatisfied with the current therapies, Sullivan developed descriptive psychiatry in the 1930’s that acknowledged the importance of social factors on an individual. Descriptive psychiatry did not have a specific structure, and was therefore more of an ideology to have towards treatment. Also, IPT is ... ... middle of paper ... ... theory: II. Practice. Clinical Psychology Review, 10 (1), 107–121. Sharfstein, S. S. (1998). Harry Stack Sullivan: Interpersonal theory and psychotherapy review. American Journal of Psychology, 155 (182). Weissman, M. M., Markowitz, J. C., & Klerman, G. L. (2000). A comprehensive guide to interpersonal psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books. Weissman, M. M. & Markowitz, J. C. (2004). Interpersonal psychotherapy: principles and applications. World Psychiatry, 3(3), 136-139. Wilfley DE, MacKenzie RK, Welch RR, et al., editors. Interpersonal psychotherapy for group. New York: Basic Books; 2000. Zlotnick C, Johnson SL, Miller IW, et al. Postpartum depression in women receiving public assistance: pilot study of an interpersonal-therapy-oriented group intervention. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001;158:638–640.
Psychotherapy is the, “Treatment of emotional, behavioral, personality, and psychiatric disorders based primarily on verbal or nonverbal communication and interventions with the patient, in contrast to treatments using chemical and physical measures." (medilexicon.com) Within psychotherapy there are multiple types of therapy that are under the term psychotherapy, one of those being Behavioral Activation Therapy. Behavioral activation comes from the work of Peter Lewinsohn. "Starting in 1964, Dr. Lewinsohn’s research interests began to focus on the topic of depression" (ORI) There are core principals in Behavioral activation; a few of those are, structure and schedule, changing how one feels by changing what they do, and change will be easier
In Person Centered therapy, the therapist establishes a solid therapeutic alliance with the client. “The therapeutic alliance is a more encompassing term for therapy that emphasizes the collaborative nature of the partnership between counselor and client. This partnership incorporates client preferences and goals into treatment and outlines methods for accomplishing those goals. The therapeutic alliance is an alliance based on listening to the client without being judgmental or giving unwarranted advice.” Individuals are working toward self actualization. They also look for ways to improve experiences. Individuals try hard to reach an optimal sense of satisfaction. This eventually leads them to become fully functioning. After the individual is fully functioning they are able to trust their own feelings and experience a better life (Rogers, 1961).
When CBT is compared directly to psychodynamic therapy in the treatment of depression, CBT and psychodynamic treatment are nearly the same or CBT comes out ahead. For instance, in an initial study comparing CBT and psychodynamic therapy, conducted in the 1980s in the Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Project (TDCRP), the results show CBT and interpersonal therapy to be roughly equivalent (Elkin et al., 1989). In this TDCRP study, however, CBT did not fare quite as well as interpersonal therapy or antidepressant medication among the more severely depressed patients. In another major study, done in the 1990s, Shapiro et al. (1994) compared CBT and psychodynamic therapy. Results showed, as in the previous research that the two approaches
Teyber, E., & McClure, F. H. (2011). Interpersonal process in therapy: An integrative model (6th ed.). California State University, San bernardino: Brooks/Cole.
Regardless of the health care setting, the relationship between the patient and the provider is one of the most important factors affecting patient satisfaction. Improving interpersonal issues is therefore highly recommended to enhance patient satisfaction (Crow R, et al. 2002). Caring and respectful relationships between patient and provider are vital for patient satisfaction (Svensson B, Hansson L. 2006). The relationship between patient and provider has been strongly emphasized in mental health care, and has been described as encompassing three parts: a working alliance, a transference configuration, and a real relationship. The working alliance is considered to be the most fundamental for effective treatment (Gelso C, Carter J. 1994). Although the term treatment or working alliance originated in psychoanalysis, it can be generalized to all forms of psychotherapy (Bordin E. 1979).
Additionally, her unhappy thoughts of regarding her being a mermaid and wishing to be human is a clear sign of BBD due to her clear obsession searching and collecting human objects to ease her dissatisfaction with her lack of legs and life under the sea. It has been stated that BDD has obsessive-compulsive features that are quite similar to those of OCD, and a recent study found that 24% of those with BDD also had OCD with the most significant link between them being the cyclical process by which the symptoms of both increased due to the compulsive and avoidant behaviors that individuals employ in an effort to reduce their anxiety actually reinforce and worsen their obsessions (OCD Center of Los Angeles, 2016).
To conclude, there are two main psychotherapy that have been conducted to reduce the youth depression. The first one is called Cognitive Behavior therapy (CBT), the other treatment is called interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents (IPT-A). These two treatments are all commonly conducted in transfer the patient’s negative thought and behavior into positive when they faced stressed. CBT and IPT are all impactful treatments for youth depression, but different people will get a different outcome from the
In the 1940s Carl Rogers was well on his way to revolutionizing the state of traditional, directive psychotherapy and pioneering what would soon become the person-centered approach. Although Rogers strayed from the psychological mainstream’s view that therapists drive their clients recovery through such mediums as advice, direction, teaching and interpretation he still believed that the therapist’s role was crucial, and it was their attributes that paved the way to increased awareness and self-directed change.
Since its establishment in the early 1960s by Aaron Beck, the cognitive behavioral approach has received testing on its effectiveness and continues to be researched today. The cognitive behavioral approach continues to be adapted, modified, and tested to determine its effectiveness in treating other mental health disorders with favorable outcomes. Judith Beck reports that there have been 500 outcome studies that have demonstrated the efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy for a wide range of psychiatric problems, psychological problems, and medical problems with psychological components (1995). CBT is a go to method of treatment especially in regards to working with clients with a mental health diagnosis of depression or an anxiety disorder. While there has been favorable results within the research and outcome studies it is important to note specific factors that can determine success in treating these disorders. The therapeutic alliance between the therapist and the client is an important factor within this approach and one that could influence the effectiveness of treatment. This is why most guides to effective practice when utilizing this approach stress the importance of building a strong therapeutic alliance between the practitioner and the client and continue building this relationship throughout treatment. Another factor worth noting is that treatment is short term which means that practitioners must have highly structured sessions that focus on reducing the presenting problem for a client in a short amount of time. In order to appropriately utilize CBT it is important for practitioners to take the time to educate themselves on this theoretical perspective as well as specific therapy techniques in order to have satisfactory results with the clients they
In cognitive-behavioral therapy, therapists focus on increasing activities and elevating mood, challenging automatic thoughts, identifying negative thinking, and changing primary attitudes. In interpersonal psychotherapy is focused on clarifying and changing one-s interpersonal problems such as interpersonal role dispute and interpersonal loss. In the textbook, cognitive –behavioral therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy research proves the effectiveness in the
The class discussions on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) have been very insightful for me. I feel that our thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and physiology can impact each other, therefore, the concept of changing one of these factors to influence the others resonates with me. Perhaps we may not be able to change our thoughts and negative beliefs about ourselves, but we could challenge our thoughts and dispute them with evidence. When cognitive distortions are challenged, an individual may be able to replace the thought with a realistic view of themselves, which would lead to positive feelings about oneself, which would impact their behaviors and physiology.
They specifically found 17 factors which influenced effective treatment, including pacing, structure, coping skills, hypnotherapy, grounding processes, self-disclosed insight, client-centeredness, modeling, and identifying and assigning alter roles. For example, grounding processes which participants spoke about included being able to listen to meditation tapes recorded by the therapist or even calling the therapists voicemail simply to hear their voice. Hearing the voice would remind them of a sense of calm and security which is provided during therapy sessions. The techniques echo the above conclusions as well, but this study also emphasized the importance of a therapist being human. This would involve modeling appropriate emotions, such as enthusiasm; sharing enough so that the client would recognize the empathy of the therapist; and even showing sincere emotions when they are moved, including the therapist even tearing up. These helped build a positive and supportive -- but professional -- relationship, and is further improved when there are clear boundaries provided.
When it comes to the nature of people I believe that we are what we want to become. This means that it does not matter what life changing or negative event may have had an impact in your life it is your choice how you let it affect you. I believe we have the ability and resilience to overcome these stressors and change the outcome of our lives. I believe that if we change our outlook on life we will be able to change our life as a whole. For this exact reason I believe Cognitive behavior therapy fits best with my beliefs. Cognitive behavioral therapy is grounded in the belief that it is a person’s perception of events, rather than the events themselves, that determine how he or she will feel and act. For example, if a
Cognitive Behavioral therapy (CBT) is made up of a number of basic principles that recognize that thoughts, feelings and behaviors are interrelated. CBT emcompasses several different types of therapies that share a common element. One of the earliest forms of CBT was developed in the 1950’s by Albert Ellis; this form is called Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). REBT “is heavily cognitive and philosophical, and specifically uncovers clients’ irrational or dysfunctional beliefs and actively and directively disputes them” PAGE 1370 (Ellis,) . Another early form of CBT is Cognitive Therapy which was developed by Aaron T Beck in the 1960’s. Cognitive Therapy is similar to Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy however, Cognitive Therapy is
Corey, G. (2011). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. (ninth ed., pp. 291-301). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.