This is a discussion of research article listed at end of paper
When muscle is damaged, there is a general resistance to insulin. The physiological stress that is associated with damaged muscle impairs how insulin stimulates IRS-1, PI 3-kinase, and Akt-kinase. This presumably leads to less glucose absorption. Previous studies have shown that there has been temporary insulin resistance due to the physiological stress associated with muscle damage. However, the molecular mechanisms by which physiological stress induces insulin resistance is not known.
The many effects that insulin has on metabolism and cellular growth begin when insulin binds to its receptor at the cell membrane. The insulin signals from the insulin receptor is transmitted through the insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1. The phosphorylation (creation of a phosphate derivative of an organic molecule) of IRS-1 has been linked to signal transduction from the insulin receptor to PI 3-kinase. This leads to GLUT-4 translocation and subsequent glucose uptake. Preliminary studies have shown that the enzyme PI 3-kinase is correlated with glucose being absorbed by the entire body. This suggests that the enzyme is important in regulating insulin-mediated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. PKB (AKT)has been proposed as a key step linking the activation of PI 3-kinase to glucose uptake.
Also, type 2 diabetes is accompanied by impaired insulin signal transduction. Thus, the insulin signaling pathway plays a critical role in the regulation of insulin action in health, and abnormailities in insulin signal transduction likely underlie important disease processes. The study explored what changes in the insulin signaling pathway are associated with muscle damage-induced whole ...
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...which also occurs after musculoskeletal injury and surgery.
What About You??
If you lead a normally sedentary lifestyle and exercise rigorously one day, you will likely experience insulin resistance. Don't worry, it is only temporary and causes no long term damage. Your muscles will be sore! Skiing, running downhill, and horseback riding are a few examples of ecentric exercise. It also occurs in weight lifting. To build your muscles, concentrate on lengthening exercises, not just the contracting ones. For example: when performing a bicep curl, take twice as long to bring the weight down (ecentric movement) as you did lifting it up (contraction).
References
Del Aguila, L.F. et al. "Muscle damage impairs insulin stimulation of IRS-1, PI 3-kinase, and Akt-kinase in human skeletal muscle". Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol Metab. 279, E206 (2000).
Every day we use our skeletal muscle to do simple task and without skeletal muscles, we will not be able to do anything. Szent-Gyorgyi (2011) muscle tissue contraction in rabbit’s muscles and discovered that ATP is a source for muscle contraction and not ADP. He proposed a mechanism to cellular respiration and was later used by Sir Hans Krebs to investigate the steps to glucose catabolism to make ATP. In this paper, I will be discussing the structure of muscle fibers and skeletal muscles, muscle contraction, biomechanics, and how glucose and fat are metabolized in the skeletal muscles.
According to Lewis and associates, DM is a chronic disease that affects multiple body systems. For the purpose of this paper, only DM type 2 will be discussed based on the assumption that a majority of patients aged 60 years or older have this type. The primary defects of this disease consist of insulin resistance, decreased insulin production, inappropriate glucose production by the liver, and alterations in production of adipokines. Insulin resistance is the result of defects in the body’s insulin receptors. This finding predates all cases of DM type 2 and the development of impaired glucose tolerance. In insulin resistance, beta cells in the pancreas are stimulated to increase insulin production to compensate for the lack of response by the insulin receptors. Gradually, the beta cells begin to fail to secrete enough insulin to meet the body’s demands resulting in hyperglycemia. As a result of increased glucose in the liver, the liver begins to malfunction and release glucose at inappropriate times, thereby worsening hyperglycemia. Adding to the problem, glucose and fat metabolism is altered in adipose tissue, which is generally abundant in those with DM type 2. (Lewis et al., 2011)
Our body obtains the energy by digesting the carbohydrates into glucose. Volumes of glucose are required by the body to create ATP. ATP is short for 'Adenosine Triphosphate ' and is an energy carrier. When we consume too many carbohydrates our body produces a lot of glucose and as a result blood glucose levels rise and sometimes they may rise over the normal range of blood glucose concentration. To bring it back within the healthy range, the homeostatic system of blood glucose regulation is used. The blood flows through the pancreas where the beta cells, receptors, detect the high blood glucose level. To counteract this stimuli beta cells alert the control centre, which are also the beta cells located in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. The secretion of insulin has to be done quickly but can only be carried out when insulin gene is switched on. Turning on the insulin gene switch can take 30 minutes to an hour therefore, the production of insulin by beta cells are done in advance and are packaged in vesicles right until blood glucose rises. Glucose comes into the beta cell to trigger the vesicle that contains the insulin to move towards the plasma membrane and fuse. This releases the insulin into the bloodstream where they are distributed throughout the body and only affect specific target cells. The receptor, a protein, on the target cell’s plasma membrane recognises and connects
Obesity a risk factor in which excess body fat accumulates and can have negative effects on your health. Here we identify how the hormone insulin reacts in 3T3-L1 fibroblasts and its role on adipogenesis. Adipogenesis is the development of fat cells from pre adipocytes. Insulin is an important factor in the differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre adipocytes to mature adipocytes. Oil Red O (ORO) is used to demonstrate the presence of lipids in each different treatment. A spectrophotometer is used to get the optical density of liquid at the different insulin concentrations. One factor CREB is revealed from preadipocytes to mature adipocytes. By demonstrating how insulin triggers transcription factors. When cells are insulin induced CREB is activated in differentiation. Insulin increased the rate of differentiation and the amassing of triglycerides in 3T3-L1 cells . Insulin was able to induce adipogenesis by observing cell morphology and optical density of liquid from ORO stain. Insulin at 1 µg/ml had the optimal rate of differentiation compared to the other insulin concentrations. Morphology of cells changed significantly from Day 0 to Day 7 at 1 µg/ml and appeared larger and
As fitness professionals working with individuals with diabetes there are numerous considerations we must contemplate. For one thing we need to realize we are part of a team approach for these individuals. We need to be very cognizant that we operate within our own scope of practice, as diabetes is a disease that requires specialized approaches from physicians, dietetic experts and fitness professional for each individual’s situation. In addition to this we need to make sure before accepting the responsibility of training a diabetic client, that we have the proper diabetes education and proper certifications. The diagnosis of Diabetes is one that can shake the client to their core and stir every feeling and emotion the person could possibly experience and possibly completely overwhelm the individual. It’s vitally important that they learn to re-establish a sense of control and literally learn new survival skills. (Zrebiec) No matter if it is a parent of a child who has been recently been diagnosed or an adult who just heard the news regarding their own health, the initial situation is the same. To these people it’s going to be like taking a post-graduate course in diabetes management (Zrebiec) and exercise is going to become big part of it. However, this need for an appropriate exercise plan will bring about its own set of challenges due to the complicated nature of the disease. As individuals with diabetes they face some of the same challenges other parties face when exercise is something they know they need to do. They too face challenges of lack of time, lack of energy or will power, they may feel they lack the skills or even the resources. However, when it comes to a teen becoming more involved in exercise there may be two o...
The effects of a disorder with insulin can be very grave because this hormone is very important to the body. First I would like to discuss Diabetes Type 1. This disease, also called juvenile diabetes, is usually diagnosed to children or young adults. Off all the people with diabetes, only five percent of the people have type one diabetes. 10Type one diabetes is a condition in which the immune system destroys the cells in the pancreas which produce insulin. Type 1 diabetes is not associated with lifestyle habit; and it is neither curable nor preventable. So you my reader could receive this disease and never know how you got it or how to prevent it! At least you can know when you get though. Some of the symptoms are excessive thirst and urination,
Insulin resistance can be defined as a physiological condition in which cells have a diminished response to normal actions of the hormone insulin. Insulin is produced, but the cells become resistant and are less capable of transporting glucose from the bloodstream to muscle and other tissues. In horses, insulin resistance is associated with a number of diseases such as Equine Metabolic Syndrome (Powell, et al., 2002; Hoffman, et al., 2003;Vick, et al., 2006 and Frank, et al., 2009), Equine Cushing Disease (McGowan, et al., 2004 and Walsh, et al., 2009) and Laminitis (Treiber, et al., 2006;Bailey, et al., 2007;M Obesity and insulin resistance in ponies has become a common problem and there is a growing awareness of the role that diet and exercise have to play (Jeffcott, et al., 1986; Frank, et al., 2006 and Vick & Adams, 2007). Over-expressed adipocytokines, such as leptin, have been suggested to impair insulin signalling and cause the up regulation of inflammatory cytokines.
...ghest in type I muscle fibers, average in type IIa and lowest in type IIb. It was also observed that there was significant difference between groups, where lipid content was ~25-50% higher in muscle from type 2 diabetes and obesity than normal subject, Lipid content intensity in muscle was ~40-50% higher in obese and type 2 diabetes than normal subjects.
...ll cause your blood sugars to lower (Mayo Clinic Staff). While working out you will notice that your blood sugar levels will be all over the place so its important to have things such as glucose pills just in case your levels drop too low. Exercise may not be the cure for diabetes but it could be the thing that prevents you from getting it.
Tremblay, A., Simoneau, J., & Bouchard, C. (1994). Impact of exercise intensity on body fatness and skeletal muscle metabolism. Metabolism, 43(7), 814--818.
The purpose of this study, Pancreatic Mitochondrial Complex I Exhibits Aberrant Hyperactivity in Diabetes, is to establish that an increase of the stimuli in the pancreatic mitochondrial Complex I leads to diabetes. Increasing the stimuli of Complex I, subsequently raises the levels of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. Complex I, also known as NADH, is the first step of the respiratory electron transport chain which use protons to pump proteins creating most of the energy that helps power cells. This complex uses molecules to create an electrochemical gradient in our mitochondria, which is powered by the production of NADH by breaking down food molecules, helping to power ATP Synthase. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease in which the body’s ability to use energy produced by food intake is affected, causing an increased level of blood sugar. Hyperglycemia glucotoxicity is high blood sugar, which damages the structure and function of beta cells and target tissues of insulin, causing a low level of hormone secretion and insulin resistance.
Type 1 diabetes has a genetic onset that often occurs in adolescence (Porth, 2005). It is an autoimmune disease in which the insulin-producing beta cells within the liver are destroyed (Dorman, 1993). This causes a deficiency in insulin secretion, which ultimately leads to high blood glucose levels, also referred to as hyperglycemia (Guthrie & Guthrie, 2004). The mechanism for insulin deficiency leading to hyperglycemia is described in more detail in the following section and in Figure 1.
In a Leg/Knee Extension exercise, the action of lowering the leg back down from the lift is the eccentric phase of that exercise. This leg must be lowered slowly rather than letting it drop to allow the leg muscles
Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic health condition in which the level of glucose in the blood is higher than usual. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not create enough insulin and type 2 diabetes occurs when insulin is produced, but is not adequate in lowering blood glucose levels or there is resistance to the insulin (Edwards, 2007, p. 9). Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease, foot and leg amputations, and new cases of blindness in the United States (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2010, p. 1465-66). People with type 1 diabetes are required to take insulin to manage their glucose levels. People with type 2 diabetes are usually prescribed oral medications such as sulfonylurea agents, meglitinide analogues, or biguanides to help control their glucose levels. Twenty to 30% of people with type 2 diabetes require insulin therapy as well (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2010, p. 1471). In addition to medication therapy, diet and weight control can help manage both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Because diabetes mellitus can cause such severe complications, it is important that people with diabetes understand the importance of certain health and lifestyle choices, such as their diet and weight to manage their disease. Patients with diabetes mellitus should pay special attention to the amount of carbohydrates, protein, fat, and minerals that are included in their diet. Monitoring these components of their diet, along with weight management, can help control their diabetes mellitus.
Immediately after a high carbohydrate meal, Insulin secrets rapidly due to glucose absorption into blood. This insulin act on many tissues in body and insulin turn causes rapid uptake, storage and use of glucose almost all issues of the body, but especially by the muscles, adipose tissue and liver. (8)