Instrumental conditioning is useful in shaping responses and altering the individual’s behavior. It is a learning process that involves the subject linking behavior with consequences. Much of what individuals learn is the result of such associations. However, instrumental or operant learning suggest the association is deliberate. Terry (2009) recognizes Thorndike’s “Law of Effect” in explaining that the behavior exhibited by the individual is a result of the associations the individual forms between behavior and consequences. Instrumental conditioning requires the individual to emit the behavior voluntarily and the trainer then reinforces the behavior. This paper provides an example of how this process works. First, the selection and description of a learning situation facilitates the comparison and contrast of positive and negative reinforcements as well as punishment. Then, an evaluation of the forms of instrumental learning in relation to the selected learning situation provides understanding of instrumental conditioning in the learning process. Although limited by the types of behavior that might be shaped through conditioning, instrumental training is a viable training tool for some situations. The Learning Situation A piano teacher elects to specialize in teaching children diagnosed with learning delays related to ADHD. Her motivation stems from the knowledge of the inherent benefits associated with formal music training, the needs of these special children, and knowing that the benefits specific to formal music training are also specific to the needs of the child diagnosed with ADHD. Benefits of Music Academic skills may improve in math as the student learns beat, rhythm, and the scales Pattern recognition may also heig... ... middle of paper ... ...327057, Teachers College, Columbia University). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, , 288-n/a. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/304627194?accountid=458. (304627194). Kwan, A. (2013). 6 benefits of music lessons. Parents.com. Retrieved from http://www.parents.com/kids/development/intellectual/benefits-of-music-lessons/ Ohnishi T, Matsuda H, Asada T, Aruga M, Hirakata M, Nishikawa M, Katoh A, & Imabayashi E, (2001). Functional anatomy of musical perception in musicians. Cereb Cortex2001;11:754-760. Orenstein, B. W. (2011). Music therapy for children with ADHD. Everyday Health. Retrieved from http://www.everydayhealth.com/add-adhd/music-therapy-for-children-with-adhd.aspx Tsang, C. D., & Conrad, N. J. (2011). Music training and reading readiness. Music Perception, 29(2), 157-163. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/911787389?accountid=458
Instrumental conditioning provides positive and negative reinforcement to obtain desired behaviors. This paper discusses learning strategies like punishment, extinction, escape and avoidance, stimulus generalization and discrimination techniques. It also look at implications like once the stimulus is master, then the reinforcement is no longer needed. The benefits and drawbacks are also discussed. Rewards being a major benefit for progress. Drawbacks happen when the child losses the motivation
Skinner believed that “changes in behavior are the result of an individual’s response to events (stimuli) that occur in the environment” (All About Operant Conditioning, 2006, Para 2). The following paper will discuss a learning situation in which an exercise routine is thought. The paper will evaluate the application of instrumental conditioning to this learning situation. As part of the analysis the learning situation will be described, the paper will compare and contrast the concepts of positive
At the beginning of the semester, we were asked to write about ourselves in a brief essay. I wrote about who I identified as, what my plans would be for the future and what role music played in my life. In my essay, I was a straight-A student, grew up in a small town, wanted to become a law student, and enjoyed singing as a tool for relaxation. Looking back on what I wrote, I am surprised at how much has changed in such a short period. My major has changed to Sociology, and I feel no need to pursue
Music, a popular outlet amongst the teen community for exploring emotions and blowing off steam. Times have changed, and the way music and lyrics are perceived has developed in a violent fashion. According to new studies, that have occurred, violent music lyrics increase aggressive thoughts and feelings. I chose this topic because music is such an influential part of our lives that it often dictates the mood we seize to exist in. If violent thoughts occur, what can come of it? Teens and the human
In today’s pliable, fad-driven societies, music holds a key role in influencing modern culture. Through music, lyrics, and music videos, specific lifestyles and activities can be suggested and advertised. These activities can range from becoming a follower of Christ to earning respect to being promiscuous. This alone proves that music plays an influential part in the daily lives of modern societies. This also shows that music’s effect can be positive or negative. With this evidence comes a question:
Throughout history society has been enchanted by music. Whether it is ritual, emotional release, religious, or just plainly relaxing to music has been at the center of our society. We use music to express ourselves, to tell stories, and let other into our thoughts. However, we often wonder if what we are saying has an effect on the listening audience. Recently, music references have been made to link violent and deviant behavior to music. The key social issues likely to arise in the next twenty
As David Machin stated in 2010, “lyrics are not only about artists telling stories but also communicating discourses about their identity.” (Machin D, 2010: 78) indeed, the lyrics of a song play an important role in connecting with people and providing people with reflexive identities, when people listen to the music, the linguistic meaning offers the audience with better representation of the music and creates more emotional connection between the singers and the audiences. Also, as different music
Why do people find comfort in certain music genres, and how does music affect our behavior? It is known by most that music can and likely does affect our behavior, many people wonder how and why it affects so many people in such diverse ways. Could it be because music makes us feel a certain way? Do different music genres make us think different thoughts? What kind of thoughts do they cause us to come up with? Can music cause us to act a certain way? Does music have any health benefits for humans
The Classification and Hierarchy of Values ABSTRACT: I attempt to look into the issue of the ranks of values comprehensively and progressively. Anti-values can be classified into the following six categories by ascending order: (1) the act of destroying the earth-of annihilating humankind and all other living organisms; (2) the act of mass killing of people by initiating a war or committing treason; (3) the act of murdering or causing death to a human being; (4) the act of damaging the body
Inherent and Instrumental Values in Ethics The distinction between inherent and instrumental values in ethics could, in my view, be said to represent a contemporary version of both the eudaimonistic distinction between virtues as instruments and forms of happiness as the goals or ends to be achieved through these instruments, and of the deontological distinction between duties and the summum bonum to be, at least ultimately or in an afterlife, achieved through them. The paper identifies and explores
valuable, but not (only) instrumentally valuable? Is knowledge ever non-instrumentally valuable? For something to be instrumentally valuable, it “accrues to something in virtue of some further valuable purpose that it serves”. The concept of instrumental value is one which is present in a wide variety of things, such as: logic, for teaching one how to formulate a valid argument; the knowledge of how to read a map, allowing one to find where they are going; a pen, enabling one to write. In each
us remember what is important to us, and direct us to what we want to be, and accomplish in life. In this essay, I will be talking about three different Instrumental values, three terminal values and my least liked values that have affected me psychologically, in my behavior, my beliefs and my leisure choices The three most important instrumental values in my life are education, justice and honesty.
All of the choices we make are influenced by our socialisation which helped shape our values and beliefs. In order to work effectively with clients, it is important for workers in the human services industry to have a firm grasp of who they are, what their values and beliefs are, a vision of their ideal future, the values of their profession, and what to do in the event of a value clash. This aids in providing clients with a service that is free of prejudice and helps workers practice ethical decision
The Concept of Efficiency This article aims to give an analysis of the concept of efficiency. The importance of such an analysis lies in the fact that the role which efficiency plays in different sectors of our society leads to opposite evaluations resulting in a clash of opinions concerning this role. In order to clarify this situation, I first trace the historical roots of the concept. This brief historical reconnaissance shows that ‘efficiency’ is not a unitary concept. Moreover, I also argue
Vision plays an important part in a leader’s life, in fact in anyone’s life. Without something to aim for we will always hit the target of missed purpose. Outlining a vision is essential for leading others and yourself. Within this paper, I will give a summary of the “Developing a Personal Vision Statement” assessment by Hackman and Johnson (2013), convey what I have learned from this exercise, how my self-understanding has increased, and what this reveals about my strengths and weaknesses as a leader