The Influence of the concentration of Amylase on rate of reaction
Introduction
Many of the reactions that take place in the human body precede much to slowly to happen without any help. In order for these necessary reactions to take place such as digestion and cell respiration an aid called an enzyme is needed (Cite). An enzyme is a protein, made up from chains of amino acids, that acts as a catalyst, facilitating a speedier reaction (Cite). The alignment of the amino acid chains contributes to the function of the enzyme.
Amylase is an enzyme that is usually found in organisms such as animals that have starch in their diets. This enzyme helps break down and digest starch. Starch is made up glucose molecules linked by a 1-4 alpha glycosidic bond (Cite). When the starch is broken down or hydrolyzed it’s monomers or glucose can be stored as energy for future use (Cite).
There are several things that affect the activity of an enzyme such as the concentration level, temperature, pH level, and amino acid sequence. In this experiment we will examine the effects of concentration levels of amylase on the rate of starch digestion (Cite). Enzymes react with substrates and bind with the active sites forming active-substrate complexes where reactions take place (Cite). It is hypothesized that the higher the concentration level of the enzyme amylase in this experiment the lower the competition for binding sites will be and therefore the faster the reaction will take place, and conversely the lower levels of concentration of amylase will have more competition for binding sites and decrease the rate of reaction. In this experiment it is predicted that test tube one containing an Amylase concentration of .50% will have the highest rate of reaction, where as test tube five containing .031% of Amylase concentration will have the lowest rate of reaction.
Discussion
The hypothesis of this experiment was that test tube one containing the highest concentration of enzyme would have the highest rate of digestion, while test tube five containing the lowest concentration of enzyme would have the slowest rate of digestion. The experimental data was not completely conclusive with the hypothesis. Both test tube one and two as shown in the results section had the same rate of digestion, but different levels of concentration, and test tube four not five had the slowest rate of digestion despite being higher concentrated.
== Amylase is an enzyme found in our bodies, which digest starch into
Proteins are one of the main building blocks of the body. They are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs. Even smaller units create proteins; these are called amino acids. There are twenty different types of amino acids, and all twenty are configured in many different chains and sequences, producing differing protein structures and functions. An enzyme is a specialized protein that participates in chemical reactions where they serve as catalysts to speed up said reactions, or reduce the energy of activation, noted as Ea (Mader & Windelspecht).
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the saliva and stomach where alpha-amylase hydrolyses alpha-1, 4 glycosidic bonds between glucose molecules in starch, forming maltotriose, the disaccharide maltose and dextrin’s made of five to ten glucose molecules (Lim, 2007). The disaccharides sucrose and lactose come directly from food. There are four enzymes found on the brush-border membrane responsible for hydrolysing sucrose, lactose and the products of starch break down, into monosaccharaides so that they can be absorbed (Lieberman et al, 2007). These enzymes are known as glycosidases and include; glucoamylase, lactase, trehalase and sucrase isomaltase (Lieberman et al, 2007). Sucrase isomaltase...
When the temperature of the solution is increased, the rate of the reaction increases as well however when it reaches a certain temperature of 40ºC, it begins to decrease. This is because the activity of the enzyme will increase. When the temperature is increased, the reactant particles move faster and have more energy. The particle collisions happen more often, and the more collisions happening the faster the reaction, hence increasing the rate of the reaction. The collisions speed up due to the increase in the kinetic energy and velocity that follows when the temperature increases. When there is a faster velocity, the time that is taken between collisions is less (“Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity.”). Which also results in more molecules to reach their activation energy hence increasing the rate of
3. The higher the concentration of the enzyme the more there are to catalyze the reaction. Taking information from graph 1 (change in mL of enzyme), the more mL of enzymes that there are the faster the reaction rate is. It would increase until there was no substrate left available for a reaction.
The enzyme assay was repeated in water baths at four temperatures: an ice bath (approximately 4 degrees celsius), room temperature (approximately 23 degree celsius), 32 degree celsius, and 48 degree celsius. Test tube 9 was obtained and labeled 19. The appropriate solutions were added to each test tube. All tubes were preincubated at the appropriate temperature prior to the mixing of tubes. The tubes were then set aside to acclimate for 15 minutes. After the equilibrium was reached and the spectrophotometer was adjusted with the control (tube 1) the pairs 2 & 3, 4, & 5, 6 & 7, and 8, & 9 were mixed one at a time. The absorbance changes at 15 second intervals for 60 seconds for each temperature were
Enzymes as mentioned before help speed up reactions, they generally work by bonding to a substrate, this bonding occurs at the active site. This link then forms a different molecule which will benefit its respective process. Every enzyme has its own optimum pH level to work under, if too low the enzyme will be very slow. However if too high the enzyme will then denature and be obsolete. This is why it is important to know the optimum pH level for whatev...
Enzymes are an important part of all metabolic reactions in the body. They are catalytic proteins, able to increase the rate of a reaction, without being consumed in the process of doing so (Campbell 96). This allows the enzyme to be used again in another reaction. Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy, the energy needed to break the chemical bonds between reactants allowing them to combine with other substances and form products (Campbell 100). In this experiment the enzyme used was acid phosphates (ACP), and the substrate was p-nitrophenyl phosphate.
Enzymes have been used in research, mainly because of their ability to facilitate reactions without being changed themselves as well as their ability to speed up these reactions, which would otherwise take a much longer period of time to complete. And it is these two features that compel me to conduct further research into the applications of enzymes.
An enzyme is a substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction. It is a biochemical catalyst that allows chemical reactions to take place, it is a functional protein that regulates various metabolic pathways of the body. On this note, what is a catalyst? A catalyst is a chemical that reduces the amount of activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction. Catalysts participate in chemical reactions but are not themselves changed by the reaction.
Abstract: Enzymes are catalysts therefore we can state that they work to start a reaction or speed it up. The chemical transformed due to the enzyme (catalase) is known as the substrate. In this lab the chemical used was hydrogen peroxide because it can be broken down by catalase. The substrate in this lab would be hydrogen peroxide and the enzymes used will be catalase which is found in both potatoes and liver. This substrate will fill the active sites on the enzyme and the reaction will vary based on the concentration of both and the different factors in the experiment. Students placed either liver or potatoes in test tubes with the substrate and observed them at different temperatures as well as with different concentrations of the substrate. Upon reviewing observations, it can be concluded that liver contains the greater amount of catalase as its rates of reaction were greater than that of the potato.
According to the graph on amylase activity at various enzyme concentration (graph 1), the increase of enzyme dilution results in a slower decrease of amylose percentage. Looking at the graph, the amylose percentage decreases at a fast rate with the undiluted enzyme. However, the enzyme dilution with a concentration of 1:3 decreased at a slow rate over time. Additionally, the higher the enzyme dilution, the higher the amylose percentage. For example, in the graph it can be seen that the enzyme dilution with a 1:9 concentration increased over time. However, there is a drastic increase after four minutes, but this is most likely a result of the error that was encountered during the experiment. The undiluted enzyme and the enzyme dilution had a low amylose percentage because there was high enzyme activity. Also, there was an increase in amylose percentage with the enzyme dilution with a 1: 9 concentrations because there was low enzyme activity.
Purpose: This lab gives the idea about the enzyme. We will do two different experiments. Enzyme is a protein that made of strings of amino acids and it is helping to produce chemical reactions in the quickest way. In the first experiment, we are testing water, sucrose solution, salt solution, and hydrogen peroxide to see which can increase the bubbles. So we can understand that enzyme producing chemical reactions in the speed. In the second experiment, we are using temperature of room, boiling water, refrigerator, and freezer to see what will effect the enzyme.
Enzymes are types of proteins that work as a substance to help speed up a chemical reaction (Madar & Windelspecht, 104). There are three factors that help enzyme activity increase in speed. The three factors that speed up the activity of enzymes are concentration, an increase in temperature, and a preferred pH environment. Whether or not the reaction continues to move forward is not up to the enzyme, instead the reaction is dependent on a reaction’s free energy. These enzymatic reactions have reactants referred to as substrates. Enzymes do much more than create substrates; enzymes actually work with the substrate in a reaction (Madar &Windelspecht, 106). For reactions in a cell it is important that a specific enzyme is present during the process. For example, lactase must be able to collaborate with lactose in order to break it down (Madar & Windelspecht, 105).
Enzymes are protein molecules that are made by organisms to catalyze reactions. Typically, enzymes speeds up the rate of the reaction within cells. Enzymes are primarily important to living organisms because it helps with metabolism and the digestive system. For example, enzymes can break larger molecules into smaller molecules to help the body absorb the smaller pieces faster. In addition, some enzyme molecules bind molecules together. However, the initial purpose of the enzyme is to speed up reactions for a certain reason because they are “highly selective catalysts” (Castro J. 2014). In other words, an enzyme is a catalyst, which is a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without undergoing changes. Moreover, enzymes work with