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Arguments for and against conservation
Essays on the principles of conservation
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There have been debates mentioned by Dove (2006:197) questioning whether any indigenous populations have actually practiced conservation. This however, is based on a Western model and understanding of conservation. Examining how conservation is seen by non-Western people needs more critical considerations (Dove 2006:197). Conservation, as stated by indigenous people who attended the Fifth World’s Congress meeting, can be implemented without Western “models, management plans, or monitoring and evaluation” (Brosius 2004:611). This begins to challenge the assumptions of conservation, and the roles that science and large conservation organizations should be taking (Brosius 2004:611). “Shepard’s 2006 long-term research (as cited by Dove 2006:198) in Peru’s Manu National Park has questioned the Western assumption that resource conservation is not being practiced among local communities. Another study by Schwartzman et. al. (2000) even argues that local populations may be the best equipped for conservation against threats from private and public sectors (as cited by Dove 2006:198). One factor in conservation is the intention to conserve (Dove 2006:197); however, there is also a modern practice f transforming unconscious actions to conscious decisions (Dove 2006:197). In a research study working with the Kayapo, it is suggested that the Kayapo amplified the conscious decisions towards their practices of resource-management. However, those practices are also seen as part of everyday lives, some of which can be described as unconscious (as cited by Dove 2006:197). It can even be stated that behavior towards conserving natural resources are unintentional (Dove 2006:197). While there is not a real divide between the unintentional and intenti... ... middle of paper ... ...WPC is one organization that allows for a diverse discourse among indigenous, local and nomadic groups, but its effectiveness on national policies and programs limited (Brosius 2004: 611). For mobile indigenous peoples, the World Alliance of Mobile Indigenous Peoples attempts to recognize their rights for their mobility and to open up a discourse between nomadic and sedentary populations living near protected areas (Brosius 2004: 610). Works Cited Brosius, J. Peter 2004 Indigenous Peoples and Protected Areas at the World Parks Congress. Conservation Biology 18(3):609-612. Dove, Michael R. 2006 Indigenous People and Environmental Politics. Annual Review of Anthropology 35:191-208. Forsyth, Tim and Walker, Andrew 2008 Forest guardians, forest destroyers: the politics of environmental knowledge in northern Thailand. University of Washington Press, Seattle.
“A Personal Foreword: The Value of Native Ecologies” in Peter KNUDTSON and David SUZUKI. Wisdom Of The Elders. Toronto: Stoddart Publishing, 2001 [1992]: XXI–XXXV
In a 1994 U.N. orchestrated commission on the rights of the world’s indigenous populations, it was concluded that an increase in international cooperation for the solution of problems faced by indigenous peoples was necessary for improvement of their condition across such areas as environment and natural resources, health, education, and human rights. As a result, the U.N. High Commissioner on Human Rights declared the years 1995-2004 to be the Decade of the World’s Indigenous Populations. The theme of the decade was to be “partnership in action”, and the main objectives were to strengthen the role of the international community in enforcing international human rights treaties, to promote the discovery of viable solutions to Indigenous-State conflicts through
As discussed previously, Kareiva and Marvier argue that focusing on human welfare does not have to sacrifice biodiversity (962-969). However, some find that the argument only holds when conservation itself is tied to a clearly outlined conservation agenda (Sanderson and Redford 389). For conservation efforts to be successful, multiple countries and agencies need to cooperate (“Lecture Week 13”). Conservationists, economists, and political strategists must find conservation issues that do not hinder efforts to alleviate issues of the human condition such as global poverty and world hunger. In actuality, biodiversity loss and poverty are linked, but conservation strategies that will reap success in integrating the two need clear conceptual frameworks (Adams et al. 1146). In order to find a balance and to foster stability for lasting and sustainable development and environmental health, it is important to take humans out of the equation when assessing the status of the environment, and to implement formal scientific strategies to conservation policies (Erwin
Although the assessment displayed many threats, this project will address only one causal chain: of the inefficiency of co-management agreement in the park. The contributing factors for this direct threat are first, the lack of revision of the agreement since 1991. The last stage of the co-management agreement inside of Kakadu National park was signed 27 years ago. Although this co-management agreement has been through different stages and revisions, very important aspects of the context have changed since then. It is proposed in this project that a revision is needed to assure that the agreement has both benefits for traditional owners and to wildlife in the park. Secondly, currently, there are conflicting agendas and conflicting definitions of the problem within the participants. This has created for different programs and policies to be created, often in conflict with one another. For example, wide-range poisoning of quolls by traps to kill dingoes implemented by one agency that seeks to exterminate invasive species (such as wild dogs/dingoes). Another example of what different problem definitions can create is the foxes example. An agency can see foxes as the main issue, and the solution is to target foxes with poisoning bait. What happens, then, is numbers of feral cats and rabbits, which are also hunted by foxes, tend to boom once the foxes are gone. So, small marsupials (i.e. quolls) will still be hunted – only by cats instead – and the rabbits will wreak havoc in the landscape, depriving native animals of food and shelter. This connects to the third contributing factor, the multiplicity of agencies, and lack of exchange between them. Because Australia works under the frame of a decentralized government, many agencies and organizations do not communicate with each other or are held accountable. This then creates a very complex social process, which then creates a very
Ever since I was a little kid, I have always been interested in Native Americans and their history. In this paper, I will bring you through the history of the Native Americans and how they were able to feed themselves. Native Americans developed many different weapons such as the spear, harpoon and Clovis projectile points and also developed techniques for how to catch their prey. Many of Native Americans soon died because of the diseases that the Europeans brought with them, small pox in particular. Native Americans were then forced to leave their lands when the Americans colonies were being made. The United States Americans kept on forcing the Native Americans to leave their homes and move west. Overall, Native Americans were great at providing food for their families and were wiped out because of the Europeans and Americans selfishness.
Native American is the term used for the indigenous peoples of North America who first migrated to this area thousands of years ago. The term Native American actually includes several tribes, states, and ethnic groups some of which are still recognized in today’s modern society. Most of the scientific world agrees that the first indigenous peoples crossed the Bering Straight by way of Siberia about 12,000 years ago.
Being from Mexico and learning how the Spanish conquistadors arrived and blended immediately with the Indians into a mestizo culture, it is extremely interesting how in North America European Americans and the indigenous people by no means would coexist peacefully and merge into a new culture. I have now learned about the conquering of the new world both north of the Rio Grande and south of it, and I have concluded that north of the US-Mexico border the indigenous population had no chance at all for survival or establishing an independent nation. Thousands of years without exposure and inexperience at war or epidemic diseases led to evolving disparities, which caused the downfall and conquest of the indigenous people at the hands of the European Americans. Other factors such as inferior technology, ideological and moral differences, tribal disputes, and American land policies had a profound effect on the Native Americans on their attempt to maintain or establish an independent nation.
Early on, there was clear recognition that traditional foods are a pillar of native life, and not only feed the bodies of indigenous people but their culture as well. Indigenous peoples throughout the Americas have developed distinct harvesting strategies and accumulated ecological knowledge over thousands of years to match the local abundance of traditional foods in their territories. Only recently has the global movement toward indigenous rights begun to understand this process, and the intimacy between food independence and community
Hawken writes that the movement, a collective gathering of nonconformists, is focused on three basic ambitions: environmental activism, social justice initiatives, and indigenous culture’s resistance to globalization. The principles of environmental activism being closely intertwined with social justice rallies. Hawken states how the fate of each individual on this planet depends on how we understand and treat what is left of the planet’s lands, oceans, species diversity, and people; and that the reason that there is a split between people and nature is because the social justice and environmental arms of the movement hav...
Judging from these media frames, achieving proficiency with communication technology, not through partnerships with the state or even NGOs, is the path that indigenous communities need to follow to not only protect their interests, but ‘master the modern world.’ If there is any doubt about this, images that accompanied the reports generally relied on the predicable juxtaposition of key codes: a community member dressed in indigenous garb holding a laptop or some other high tech communication device framed by a backdrop of lush forest. The Ecologically Noble Savage resuscitated and now merged with and empowered by modern, portable communication
As National Parks become an increasingly popular worldwide attraction, the controversies surrounding these natural environments increase due to the residue that tourists leave behind and the debates on different methods of conservation. However, all strong arguments on one objective; the implementation of additional rules and guidelines so that generations to come can partake in the observance of mother nature’s creations for its cultural and historic significance.
* Daily, Gretchen C., ed. Nature’s Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1997.
The IK embedded in the stories reveal how such knowledge is instrumental in ushering in and mitigating ecological catastrophe (Woollett, 2007). Cajete (2000) observes that “ultimately, the goal of Indigenous education is to perpetuate a way of life through the generations and through time. The purpose of all education is to instruct the next generation about what is valued and important to a society” (p. 184). In Canada, Native schools have begun to emerge where Native people (of particular tribal groups) conduct education for children in their own languages and develop a curriculum which is based on reclaiming traditional knowledges and worldviews, for example, the importance of land and environment and what land and environment means to Aboriginal
The vast majority of the Papuan people (87 % of the population) reside in rural areas where they rely upon the LTF for agriculture, hunting, and gathering as means for survival (Nicholls, 2004). Needless to say, the occurrence of feasibly-abundant forest resources have extend the benefits and values of Papua’s LTR far beyond their sustenance role to the indigenous population, to include benefits that are financial, social, and environmental in nature. Sequentially, the compound benefits and uses provided by PNG’s LTR have caught the attention of different groups of stakeholders, each of which represents a unique-well-sounded management perspective that well define their own interest in the forest. With that in mind, three major stakeholder groups are believed to be involved in managing PNG’s LTR – foreign investors, local government, and environmentalist groups. The existing ties between these different groups’ involvements and the forest’s benefits in turn create land use tradeoffs that produce contentions among those groups involved. The variation in perspectives among those multiple stakeholder groups brings forward the need to objectively evaluate PNG LTR’s benefits and values from the viewpoint of each group. Simultaneously, addressing the differences in perspectives on ways of managing this forest landscape shall in turn paint a clear picture that better describes the sustainable future of PNG’s LTR.
Humans, no matter where they live or what their backgrounds are, we find ourselves at the center of the fight with concern for sustainability of the environment. Knowing the land that you live on is an important part of connecting with nature and life around you. It is especially important to connect with the environment for those who work and live in less developed part of the world. Those in third world countries, India for example, rely on nature to provide support and much of their livelihood. The role of nature and how ecological knowledge play a part in our lives is important to examine. There are distinctions within the certain aspects of life that involve the expertise of local practices, especially when addressing the ideas of cultural and development in certain parts of the world.