Introduction - Financial sector overview
Indian Financial Sector is a well diversified arena experiencing high growth and development. The financial sector of India is comprised of commercial banks, insurance companies, non-banking cooperations, pension and mutual fund houses and lot more other financial institutions serving the Indian Economy. However, the financial sector is a major ly dominated by the Bankin Sector where the commercial banks comprise of 60 percent of total assets held by the financial system followed by Insurance Sector. Apart from the Banks and Insurance Companies, financial sector also comprise of Non-Banking Finance Companies also known as NBFC which in operate in specialized segments of micro finance, infrastructural finance although few of them also have licence to accept deposits. (Secreteriat)
India's central bank position (role and regulation):
The regulation of Indian banking system is performed by Reseve Bank of India. Being known as lender of last resort, RBI keeps supervision on functioning of commercial banks and performs the following function:
Printing Currency
Banker to The Government
Supervisory powers over Commercial banks
Taking monetray steps both quantitative and qualitative to ensure economic stability
Printing Currency:
RBI has the sole authority to print currency notes and introduce them to the moentary system of the country. No other government agency has the right to print the currency and thus, RBI enjoys monopoly but in the interest of the nation.
Banker to the Government:
RBI acts as a banker both to State and Central Government. Just like the relatonship which commercial banks carries with general public, RBI performs same banking function for the government b...
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...ial crisis, Arab Spring, Euro zone crisis).
After the global financial crisis, it is now the Euro Zone Crisis and the Arab Spring(also known as Arab Awakening) is the new threat to Indian Economy. Where the US financial crisis, saw a record rise in customer’s default on sub-prime mortgage defaults and forcelosures which resulted in decline in securities backed by mortgages but now the euro zone crisis has threaten the Indian Economy in the following ways:
Capital Inflows from the Foreign Institutional Invetsors(FII) is marked with high volatility
Exports to Euro natiions which are India’s favourite trade destination after USA, has seen a sharp decline.
Fall in FII investments can anytime lead to inflationary pressures and building of asset bubble just as in US during 2007. (Sriram)
Secondly, the Arab Swing is likely to have deep impact on Indian Economy
CONCLUSION Financial Crisis 2008, this happened even after so many information, knowledge, expertise, analyst were existing. But it happened and it denoted the market was running with lack of major information. And it all impacted to all over the world and the impact of 2008 financial crises still showing in current years. And from then people are taking safe step while taking loans, insurance facilities etc.
The Federal Reserve System is the central banking authority of the United States. It acts as a fiscal agent for the United States government and is custodian of the reserve accounts of commercial banks, makes loans to commercial banks, and is authorized to issue Federal Reserve notes that constitute the entire supply of paper currency of the country. Created by the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, it is comprised of 12 Federal Reserve banks, the Federal Open Market Committee, and the Federal Advisory Council, and since 1976, a Consumer Advisory Council which includes several thousand member banks. The board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System determines the reserve requirements of the member banks within statutory limits, reviews and determines the discount rates established pursuant to the Federal Reserve Act to serve the public interest; it is governed by a board of nine directors, six of whom are elected by the member banks and three of whom are appointed by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve banks are located in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, San Francisco, Cleveland, Richmond, Atlanta, Saint Louis, Minneapolis, Kansas City and Dallas.
Mortgage crisis can evidently be associated with excessive borrowing from the financial institutions without proper considerations of the terms and conditions of the deal. The prospects that surround business in real estate are always promising and this presumption got into the mind of all stakeholders involved in the subprime mortgage lending business. This is because in 2000, the mortgage rates were low and everybody would afford a mortgage. Unfortunately, the financial models were flawed as the rate was adjustable. After many people were nested in the mortgage bracket, greed propelled the rates to levels subprime cannot afford thus leading to foreclosures. It can be concluded that greed, lack of sufficient knowledge and flawed financial models led to the emergency of subprime mortgage crisis.
The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System is responsible for the discount rate and reserve requirements, and the Federal Open Market Committee is responsible for open market operations. Using the three tools, the Federal Reserve influences the demand for, and supply of, balances that depository institutions hold at Federal Reserve Banks and in this way alters the federal funds rate. The federal funds rate is the interest rate at which depository institutions lend balances at the Federal Reserve to other depository institutions overnight.
In 1929, there was a huge event that happened in America, which called the great recession. As we know, the great recession causes a lot of negative effects not only on the American economy, but also on the world. Nowadays, although most of the economists do hardly predict recessions in the US, the past record still provides America with a little comfort. A new research indicates that the next giant recession would come soon. According to the online article the America’s vulnerable economy by printed edition, several effects have involved in accounting for this coming recession. Those effects are in terms of housing bubbles, debt bubbles and lower customer purchasing power.
The Federal Reserve board made up of appointed governors is basically in charge of making sure that the valves and pressure is relieved or tightened as needed in order to make sure that the economy continues to function. The primary purpose of the Fed is to oversee the structure and security of the commercial banking system. Most important responsibility that the Fed has is to make sure that the fifty banks that hold approximately a third of the nation’s bank deposits positive is kept secure (Grieder, 1989). The shifts that are created by the Fed in terms of the money supply changes the way in which banks respond to their consumers, which creates a great deal of responsibility and power in this one social
It’s mandatory for all the banks to deposit a certain determined percentage of their assets with the central bank to make sure that the banks’ customer deposits are safe. These percentages are what the central bank adjusts to reduce or increase the banking lending ...
This paper provides an overview of the crisis, outlines the major causes of the crisis, examine alternative solutions to the problem
The central bank is a financial institution that organizes the government’s finances, controls money and credit of the economy and assists as the bank to commercial banks. The roles of the central banks are to create money and develop Monetary Policies. Monetary Policy can be used to give assistance in the way an economy is currently operating in. Monetary Policy has two effects, expansionary policy and restricted policy. Expansionary policy helps lower interest rates and raise inflation in the economy; this policy improves growth for short run for the overall performance of the economy. On the other hand, restricted policy does the exact opposite of expansionary. Restricted reduces growth and inflation in the economy. Another role of the central banks is to manage the payments system by the inter-bank payments. This role of the central banks provides loans during times an economy is not operating at its financial capacity. Lastly, the central bank oversees the commercial banks, where the central banks ensures that the financial system provides citizens confidence in their soundness. The objectives of the central banks are to provide low, stable inflation, high economic growth, stable financial markets, interest rate stability and exchange rate stability.
The recent Global Financial Crisis (GFC) initially began with the collapse of credits and financial markets, which caused by the sub-prime mortgage crisis in the US in 2007. The sub-prime mortgages were given to high-risk lenders (with bad credit history) who were in danger of defaulting, which eventually caused a global credit crunch, where the banks were unwilling to lend to each other. In October 2008, the collapse of the major financial institutions and the crash of stock markets marked the peak of this global economic slowdown (Euromonitor International, 2008).
The lifestyle of people across the world is developing rapidly. As there is a growing concern for people about the lifestyle and way of living, the scope for the microfinance industry is also at a growing pace. A large number of people across the world prefer finance for the purpose of purchase of consumer durables as well as lifestyle products. As the credit card EMI options are more expensive, people prefer NBFCs for the purpose of consumer durable loans. The project done in bajaj finserv explains the role of NBFCs in the consumer durable loans and the procedure undertaken in order to disburse the consumer durable loans.
The central bank of any country is the main driving force for the implementation and development of the national payment system. The Indian payments systems have undergone a volumetric and qualitative change after globalization. At present the payments in India can be made through paper based instrument ,electronic instrument and other instrument ,with the introduction of card-based payments on POS, ATMS and Kiosks, Electronic Funds Transfers (NEFT and RTGS), Electronic Clearing Service, Mobile and Internet
Rajan discusses three primary fault lines in the financial sector; the first being the domestic political stresses, especially in the United States. Starting in 1991, Rajan argues that recessions have mostly been “jobless” where there are more jobs being lost than created and inefficient jobs are being lost due to technology increase. Policymakers look for a quick fix to unemployment and offer easy solutions such as lower interest rates, promote homeownership instead of fixing the root of the cause (improving education and retraining employees). Coupled with a weak safety net, there is more jobless anxiety and eventua...
In 2008, the world experienced a tremendous financial crisis which is rooted from the U.S housing market. Moreover, it is considered by many economists as one of the worst recessions since the Great Depression in 1930s. After bringing a huge effect on the U.S economy, the financial crisis expanded to Europe and the rest of the world. It ruined economies, crumble financial corporations and impoverished individual lives. For example, the financial crisis has resulted in the collapse of massive financial institutions such as Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Lehman Brothers and AIG. These collapses not only influenced own countries but also international scale. Hence, the intervention of governments by changing and expanding the monetary and fiscal policy or giving bailout is needed in order to eliminate and control enormous effects of the financial crisis.
Machiraju, H. R. , 2002. International Financial Markets And India. 1st ed. New Delhi: New Age International.