The word “soliton” is meant to describe the particle like behavior of the optical pulses propagating through a medium . The pulses envelope for soliton not only propagates undistorted but also survives collisions just as particles do. The soliton are very narrow, high intensity optical pulses that retain their shape through the interaction of balancing pulse dispersion with the nonlinear properties of an optical filter. If the relative effect of SPM and GVD are controlled just right, and appropriate pulse shape is chosen, the pulse compression resulting from SPM can exactly offset the pulse broadening effect of GVD. Depending upon the particular pulse shape chosen , the pulse either does not change its shape as it propagates, or it undergoes periodically repeating change in shape. The pulses that do not change in shape are called fundamental solitons , and those that undergo periodic shape changes are called higher-order solitons .
As discussed earlier, when a high-intensity pulses is coupled to fiber , the optical power modulates the refractive index seen by the optical excitation. This induces phase fluctuations in the propagating wave, thereby inducing a chirping effect in the pulse. When such a pulse traverses a medium with a positive GVD for the constituent frequency, the leading part of the pulse is shifted towards a longer wavelength, so that the speed in that portion increases. Conversely, in the trailing half , the frequency rises so the speed decreases. This causes the trailing edge to be further delayed. Consequently , in addition to a spectral change with distance, the energy in the center of the pulse is dispersed to either side, and the eventually take a rectangular shape.
On the other hand, when a narrow high-inten...
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...tion formats Optics Communications, Volume
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through space. This theory came to life when Heinrich Hertz created those waves and seven
that The Speckled Band is a product of its time as there is a lot of
3) Stokes shift - Generally the emitted fluorescent light has a longer wavelength and lower energy than the absorbed light. This phenomenon is known as Stokes shift. It is due to the loss of energy between the time a photon is absorbed and when it is emitted.
...onance frequency are trapped inside the cavity to ensure maximum reflection when the IDT is placed an integer number of half wavelength.
Throughout different experiments, scientists have discovered that light behaves as both a wave and a particle in different circumstances. The only way that all of the properties of light can be explained is through the idea of a wave-particle duality.
... The influence of electric field on this mode also effects the interaction of soft modes with other modes in the presences of higher order anharmonic terms, thus giving electric field dependence of various properties . Soft mode frequency is held responsible for the dielectric and acoustic anomalies near the phase transition point.
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The concept of fiber optics is simple, yet it provides so many potentialities in the world of technology. Presently the world relies on fiber optical technology for its data and communications systems. The consumer can converse on the telephone and hear voices with clarity, as well as send and receive information on the Internet with ease. However, there still lay a sea of possibilities in this area of technology that has not yet been discovered.
The world has gone through a lot of changed as time passes by. With advancements in the technological field people are can communicate with ones from around the world without having to even lift a finger. To make things more efficient and more cost saving industries have made technology wireless. Wireless technology gives people the chance to get up from their stationary computer, or cord phone and able to freely move without restrictions. The IT, or Information Technology has become a standard and very critical part of today’s society. Wireless technology came from the basic just cellular usage to sensors in the medical field. Wires are now a thing of the past in today’s world with forever revitalizing technology.
Direct Broadcast satellite (DBS) delivers hundreds of TV channels to millions of people around the world. Satellite owners buy slots in space and lease assigned transponder frequencies to service providers. In this paper, I briefly introduce the history and development of DBS, the major vendors of the products, and overall market situation. In order to illustrate why DBS is such a popular technology, I also give out the comparison between DBS and the traditional cable TV. Both of them have advantages and disadvantages. But the competitive advantages of DBS will make it attract more subscribers thus gain larger market share in the future.
In 1801 Thomas Young provided some very strong evidence to support the wave nature of light, he placed a monochromatic light in front of a screen with two slits cut into it, and observed an interference pattern, only possible if light was a wave. In 1965 Richard Feynman came up with a thought-experiment that was similar to Young’s experiment. In Feynman’s double-slit experiment, a chosen material is fired at a wall which has two small slits that can be opened and closed at will – some of the material gets blocked and some passes through the slits, depending on which ones are open.
waves are further divided into two groups or bands such as very low frequency (
Refraction is a process that occurs when light travels between media of different optical density. Light travels at a speed of roughly 3.0 × 108ms-1 in a vacuum. A vacuum has a refractive index n=1.00. The speed at which the light is travelling will decrease as it moves into differently optically
Fiber optics is a new technology that uses rays of light instead of electricity to transmit information over optical fibers at very high speeds. The optical fibers are usually thin strands of glass that are combined into cables and used to send information and computer data in the form of pulses of light. The optical fibers provide much clearer transmission than conventional copper cable and satellite links. The world market for optical fiber continues to grow rapidly, with shipments increasing 14 percent from an estimated 7.0 million kilometers of fiber in 1990 to approximately 8.0 million in 1991. The demand for multimode fiber is predicted to continue to expand through the mid-1990s, with some market analysts indicating that 15 to 20 percent annual growth over the next three years is reasonable. Strong demand is expected for singlemode and multimode fiber to be used in cables for local area networks, telecommunications, cable television (CATV), and transoceanic fiber-optic systems.