Family planning is extremely promoted as a valuable maternal and child health intervention, especially appropriate for developing countries where the burden of child and maternal mortality is relatively high (Tsui & Creanga, 2009). For economic reason, Family Planning might be the most effective method of preventing unplanned and unwanted pregnancy, thereby, reducing the chance of infant mortality. Bongaarts (1987) mentions that recent reviews of relevant evidence have confirmed that an increase in the practice of family planning can, theoretically, reduce infant and child mortality rates. The reason for this relationship is that through family planning practice a couple can decide the time of birth, the time span between two births, and the (maximum) number of children they want to have (Saha & Soest, 2012) and can manage expenses thereby, enhancing the child’s chances for survival.
Unfortunately, most of the available research for developing country settings does not explicitly include the contribution of contraception, either to birth spacing or maternal and child health and survival (Tsui & Creanga, 2009) the focus is mainly on the other purposes of contraception not mentioned above. However the relationship, it is clear that Family Planning has an impact on Infant Mortality Rate (IMR). All these factors are related to the theory of demographic transition, which stated that mortality decline occurs along with an increase in industrialization and urbanization, a diffusion of medical technology, and rises in literacy and living standards (Yamada, 1985).
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is defined by the United Nations (UN) as the probability of dying between birth and exact age 1. It is expressed as average annual deaths per 1,000 b...
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Tsui , A., & Creanga, A. (2009). Does Contraceptive Use Reduce Neonatal and Infant Mortality? Findings from a Multi-Country Analysis. Population, Family and Reproductive Health Department . Retrieved from http://paa2009.princeton.edu/papers/91181
Wegman, M. (2001). Infant Mortality in the 20th Century, Dramatic but Uneven Progress. The American Society for Nutritional Sciences. Retrieved from http://jn.nutrition.org/content/131/2/401S.full
World Health Organization (2013). Infant Mortality. Global Health Observatory (GHO). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/gho/urban_health/outcomes/infant_mortality_text/en/index.html
Yamada, T. (1985). Causal Relationships between Infant Mortality and Fertility in Developed and Less Developed Countries. Southern Economic Journal, 52(2), 364-370. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1059622
O'Connor, P. (2008, October 18). US infant mortality rate now worse than 28 other countries. Retrieved June 9, 2010, from World Socialist Web Site: http://www.wsws.org/articles/2008/oct2008/mort-o18.shtml
In Indonesia, for instance, The Agency for International Development (AID) reported that the Indonesian family planning program d...
In rural areas, 16% of people are illiterate compared to only 3% in urban areas. Only 57% of rural people complete secondary school, while 85% do in urban areas (PRB, 2015). These educational disparities contribute to many other inequalities. Women who are less educated are more likely to begin childbearing at younger ages and are less likely to use contraception. This is reflected in that 12% more women in rural areas begin childbearing before age 19 compared to their urban counterparts and only 45% of rural women use modern contraception compared to 55% in urban areas (PRB, 2015). These elements contribute to many health indicators including infant mortality and total fertility. The TFR is 3.5 in rural areas compared to 2.3 in urban areas and the differences in infant mortality were discussed previously. Education also contributes to active health seeking behaviors and higher economic status, which both support better
The population control program in Indonesia has come a long way since it was established by the Indonesian government in the late 1960s. The Indonesian family planning (FP) program which is held by the National Family Planning Coordinating Board (BKKBN) has implemented the concept of how to form happy and prosperous families as a means to improve family welfare. However, the concept was not separated from the main purpose of the population control program, which basically focuses on the contraceptives’ use in order to reduce the fe...
Every eight seconds a baby is born in the United Sates (U.S.), and within one hour four babies die (1). The infant mortality rate (IMR) measures the rate at which babies die before their first birthday and is calculated per 1,000 live births. According to government figures 7.2 babies out of every 1,000 born in 1996 died (2, p 6). Although this figure declines steadily each year and is 406% lower than the 1950 figure (3) the United States IMR is still higher than twenty four other nations (1). More importantly, the IMR for black U.S. citizens is over twice the rate of white citizens (6.3 and 14.6 respectively) (4, p 9). The National Commission to Prevent Infant Mortality even calls some regions "disaster areas" (5, p 18). What are the leading causes of infant death, and what areas within the United States are most affected? What preventative measures can ensure a child its first birthday? These questions are addressed herein. In addition, certain National Standards for Geography are met.
Every day, 370,000 babies are born into this world- each having the potential to live a prosperous and productive life. Unfortunately, some of these tiny, fragile humans do not live until their first birthday. The death of infants within the first year of life is known as infant mortality. There are many contributing factors as to why infant mortality may be high or low in a specific area. In order to measure the amount of deaths that occur in a particular region, the number of newborns that die before the age of one year old per 1,000 live births are recorded and is known as the infant mortality rate in that society. Generally, the infant mortality rate of a country directly reflects on the health-care system provided. Unfortunately, in today’s world, a child dies every four seconds.
Though motherhood is frequently a noble and gratifying occurrence, many impoverished women associated it with suffering, infirmity and death. Some significant etiological factors for maternal morbidity and mortality include hemorrhage, infection, obstructed labor, risky abortions, and indirect causes, such as malaria and HIV. With a growing knowledge of sterilization, and advent of antibiotics, the Global North experienced a major drop in maternal mortality and morbidity.
...3) has previous suggested that “satisfying the unmet need for family planning alone could cut the number of maternal deaths by almost a third.”. On average, those with a relatively lower educational attainment and with lower decision-making autonomy are poorer than those with better economic status, educational attainment and empowerment (Gebreselassie, )
In India, women are being manipulated to stop having children after their second birth. Officials claim that by regulating population and the pregnancies of women after their second child they will be able to empower women by offering them contraceptive choices and child care facilities. In reality, if women do not agree to be sterilized after their second birth they will be denied health care, rations for cheaper food, bank loans, and enrolment in government housing. Another major concern for women is the high rate of infant mortality in India. If women are sterilized after two births and lose one or both of their children, they will never be able to become pregnant again. Instead of the population control plan providing women with child care aid and options, they are removing their rights and their choices.
The cost of pregnancy prevention was drastically reduced when the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the nearly 100%-effective birth control pill (the Pill) in 1960. Whereas in developing countries, contraceptives are difficult to obtain due to restrictions based on gender roles, socio-economic status and cultures and their beliefs. Population over the years has been increasing specifically in developing countries, due to the high mortality rate and need to keep procreating. Our planet, already staggering under 6.5 billion people, is expecting to add another 2 billion by 2030, and perhaps 2 billion beyond that by 2050. Nearly all of them will be born in developing nations. This rising population could be controlled more if ways to prevent pregnancies were less expensive and were accepted throughout society’s norms. Family dynamics and roles are ever-changing and because of this, there is no traditional family sense. Nuclear families are a modern-day concept that mostly resides in developed countries such as Canada and the USA, but in developing countries the family is made up of cousins, aunts and uncles and grandparents: the extended family. Giving women the option of contraception is the single most important factor in achieving the "demographic transition"
Being a mother is a God-given right for every woman, and it is a precious experience of a woman’s life. However, several scientific researches show that unplanned and unwanted pregnancies lead to overpopulation, poverty, joblessness, and health complications for both mother and child. Sometimes if a child’s birth is unplanned, the relationship between the child and parent will be poor. That is why birth control methods are very necessary things to prevent those kinds of unwanted and unplanned pregnancies. There are several types of birth control methods that have been confirmed by scientific processes, including tubal ligation, vasectomy, implant, injection, combined oral contraceptive, patch, emergency contraception, and more. However, according
Prior to 1985 El Salvador was the target of an international campaign promoting contraceptive awareness and use (Jane T. Bertrand, Santisto G., Cisneros, Mascarin, and Morris). The disparity between the 1985 age specific fertility rates and the 2011 age specific fertility rates is a result of a steady campaign to educate the population on the importance of contraceptive use and family planning. By 2011 the general fertility rate has fallen by almost half and the total fertility rate is just above replacement level. Awareness and availability of contraceptives is high. If this trend continues it is very likely that El Salvador will complete the demographic transition within the next twenty to thirty years.
Women often have their baby being born already dead, which is combined with excessive bleeding. “Over half of births in Afghanistan — 65 percent — take place at home, contributing to low levels of vaccinations and a mortality rate that's still high” (“Afghan women largely lack healthcare, education”) because many hospitals were too far to travel to. One acting component to the lack of women’s health is that women are uneducated about it. If women were educated more on birth giving and the importance of not having a child under the age of 18, many deaths and miscarriages could be prevented. “92.9 percent of married women ages 15-19 are not using any method of contraception at all.” Women in urban areas tend to be more educated than women in rural areas. Also that with the rich women than poor
The United States boasts one of the highest infant mortality rates in the developed world, ranking 56 next to bordering countries such as Bosnia and Lativa (CIA, 2017). In addition, Infant mortality rates and poor pregnancy outcomes in the United States ranks akin to third world countries (CIA, 2017), suggesting how the medicalization of pregnancy (and the culture and economy it has generated) has attributed to poor pregnancy outcomes in a first world nation (Fordyce, 2013).
...he second way to attempt to decrease the population is through increased active family planning programs. Especially in poor countries, it is a lot harder for women just to jump into the work force, and even harder for a poor country to become industrialized. For example, in Bangladesh, one of the world's poorest countries, birth rates have decreased from seven children per family to only 5.5. This is largely because forty percent of Bangladesh's woman now take part in some form of family planning.