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Structure of human body
Functions and dysfunctions of neurotransmitters
Functions and dysfunctions of neurotransmitters
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Recommended: Structure of human body
Impact of Neurotransmitters on Physical and Mental Behavior
The neurons inside of the central and peripheral nervous system are responsible for all human activity. A Neurotransmitter is a chemical that is released by a neuron's terminal button. Neurotransmitters have either an excitatory or an inhibitory effect on the other nearby neurons. Neurotransmitters are a very important part of the Central Nervous System (CNS) because they allow communication to occur inside neurons as well as between neurons. The four primary neurotransmitters are acetylcholine, dopamine, GABA, and serotonin.
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter secreted by efferent axons of the CNS (Carlson, 2011, p. 99). Acetylcholine is made of two substances; choline and acetate (Carlson, 2011, p. 100). Choline is a substance that comes from the breakdown of lipids. Acetate is the anion found in vinegar (Carlson, 2011, p. 100). This neurotransmitter is produced in the parietal lobe of the brain and is associated with our alpha brain waves, which control speed (Jordon, 2008, ¶ 23). Acetylcholine acts as a lubricant keeping neurons moist so that energy can pass through them. They are also part of the building blocks of myelin (Jordon, 2008, ¶23). This neurotransmitter makes all muscular movement possible, as well as plays a role in REM sleep (Carlson, 2011, p. 100). Acetylcholine, when the levels are balanced, will help a person to be able to think on their feet, and be creative, confident, and innovative. When a person's acetylcholine levels are balanced they are also more likely to have better interpersonal relationships (Jordon, 2008, ¶ 24). When these levels are too high the person can become very paranoid (Jordon, 2008, ¶ 25).
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...o be the most important part of the human body. They bear a huge responsibility to keep the body going as it should. Research has shown that neurotransmitter deficiencies can contribute to many health problems in four categories: physical, personality, memory, and attention issues (Jordon, 2008, ¶8). When we think about keeping our bodies healthy the main focus is usually on our physical appearance and our body, people don't start paying attention to their brain until there is a problem (Jordon, 2008). It is important to keep our brains healthy as well so the rest of our health will not go to waste.
Works Cited
Carlson, N. (2011). Foundations of behavioral neuroscience (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
Jordon, J.. (2008). Neurotransmitter Assessment. Create Vibrant Health. Retrieved January 21, 2012, from http://www.createvibranthealth.com/wp/?page_id=102
Schacter, D. L., Gilbert, D. T., & Wegner, D. M. (2010). Psychology. (2nd ed., p. 600). New York: Worth Pub.
Chemistry of Psilocybin and Synaptic Transmitters Involved Psilocybin is a type of hallucinogenic mushroom that is ingested by eating the raw fungi. The mushroom can also be made into a tea and drunk. In some of the later studies done on psilocybin, the drug was synthetically produced and then either inhaled or injected by an IV. The drug enters the blood stream and can cross the blood brain barrier because of it relative metabolic similarity to serotonin (Fuller 1985). This means that since psilocybin is chemical resemblance to the neurotransmitter serotonin, psilocybin can trick the protein channels embedded in the membrane of the blood vessel and pass through as if it were serotonin and not a drug.
Briefly explain the process of neurotransmission. Neurotransmission starts with the neuron, the most important part of the central nervous system. A neuron contains a cell body, axon, and dendrites. When a neuron receives an electrical impulse, the impulse travels away from the cell body down the axon. The axon breaks off into axon terminals. At the axon terminals, the electrical impulse creates a neurotransmitter. The neurotransmitter is released into the synapse, a space between two neurons. If the neurotransmitter tries to stimulate a response of another neuron, it is an excitatory neurotransmitter. If the neurotransmitter does not stimulate a response of another neuron it is an inhibitory neurotransmitter. If a response is generated, the second neuron or postsynaptic neuron will receive an action potential at the site of the dendrite and the communication process will continue on. If a response is not generated, neurotransmitters left in the synapse will be absorbed by the first neuron or presynaptic neuron, a process known as reuptake. Neurotransmitters control our body functions, emotions, and
This means that psilocybin's biochemical effects are mediated by changes in the activity of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in the brain. central nervous system (made up of the brain and the spinal cord). cord) primarily by way of 5HT2a receptors (Grilly 1998, Hasler 1998). 2003). The 'Secondary' of the 'Second Monoamine-related drugs share a basic similarity in molecular structure of monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin. dopamine, and norepinephrine, and a syring Psilocybin produces bodily changes which are mostly sympathomimetic.
Ever since the Pleistocene era, human societies have expanded rapidly, developing innovative ways to defend their territories and migrate across the land. Consisting of an aggregate of humans living together, these societies became more powerful as time progressed by consuming more meat (megafauna). Supporting this development, the more mammals that humans would eat, the more protein their bodies would absorb. When humans consume high amounts of protein, they develop stronger muscles, which leads to the stimulation of brain activity. By way of further explanation, amino acids from the proteins are used to make the neurotransmitters that allow your brain cells to network and communicate. Amino acids that come from the protein you eat are the building blocks of your brain’s network. They can excite or calm your brain as well as nourish your brain throughout its lifetime. Also, they allow the body's own proteins to be used to support life, particularly those found in muscle. This led humans to develop intelligence and create a wide variety of tools. These tools are what the early hominids used to develop their culture into that of hunter-gatherer-fishers, making humans a more dominant mammal within that ecosystem.
Action potentials in neurons are facilitated by neurotransmitters released from the terminal button of the presynaptic neuron into the synaptic gap where the neurotransmitter binds with receptor sites on the postsynaptic neuron. Dopamine (DA) is released into the synaptic gap exciting the neighboring neuron, and is then reabsorbed into the neuron of origin through dopamine transporter...
Dendrites are located on either one or both ends of a cell.The peripheral nervous system then takes the sensory information from the outside and sends the messages by virtue of neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that relay signals through the neural pathways of the spinal cord. The neurotransmitter chemicals are held by tiny membranous sacs located in the synaptic terminals. Synaptic terminals are located at the ends of nerve cells. The release of neurotransmitters from their sacs is stimulated once the electrical nerve impulse has finished travelling along a neuron and reaches the synaptic terminal. Afterward, neurotransmitters travel across synapses thus stimulating the production of an electrical charge that carries the nerve impulse onward. Synapses are junctions between neighboring neurons. This procedure is reiterated until either muscle movement occurs or the brain picks up on a sensory reaction. During this process, messages are being transmitted from one part of the body onto the next. The peripheral and central nervous system are two crucial subdivisions of the nervous system. The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous
In the brainstem, the most primitive part of the brain, lie clusters of serotonin neurons. The nerve fiber terminals of the serotonergic neurons extend all throughout the central nervous system from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. This neurotransmitter is responsible for controlling fundamental physiological aspects of the body. In the central nervous system (CNS), serotonin has widespread and often profound implications, including a role in sleep, appetite, memory, learning, temperature regulation, mood, sexual behavior, cardiovascular function, muscle contraction, and endocrine regulation. Not only does this bioamine control physiological aspects of the body, but it also has an involvement in behaviors like eating, sleeping and aggression. Serotonin has been noted to produce an inhibitory effect on the nervous system that calms, soothes and generates feelings of general contentment and satiation.
Gall, S. B., Beins, B., & Feldman, A. (2001). The gale encyclopedia of psychology. (2nd ed.). Detroit, MI: Gale Group.
The brain is the most important organ in the body with our heart. It controls every action, thoughts and regulates our bodily function. It is divided into section, each of them are responsible for various process. Before we can understand dopamine, we must talk about the different parts of the brain. The frontal lobe is the main difference between us and animals. ...
...fficient chemical messenger that enable nerve cells to communicate with each other in the brain, allowing them to perform their jobs such as thinking, learning and remembering. (Alzheimer’s Association, 2014)
During the process of neuron excitation and firing, neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal of one neuron in order to excite adjacent neurons. When memories are being recalled, higher amounts of the neurotransmitter glutamate are released between neurons involved in that
One of the principles of the biological level of analysis is that behavior is a result of various complex processes. Human behavior is likely to change due to self-related, environmental, and social influences. Nuerons in our body can often be called the building blocks to behavior. Therefore, neurotransmission, the method in which the neurons send messages that creates a synapse, essentially creates the behavior. Different neurotransmitters hold different effects to human behavior like serotonin with the effect of arousal/sleep and dopamine with the effect of pleasure. This exhibits how neurotransmission has an effect on human behavior.
The 'Standard'. Cognition (8th ed.). Geneseo, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Qinglin, Z., Jiang, Q., & Guikang, C. (2004).
Neurotransmitters are substances that allow the brain cells to communicate with each other. Serotonin and norepinephrine are the two most common forms of neurotransmitters. Too little serotonin mat cause many symptoms of depression including irritability, sleep loss, and anxiety. Too little norepinephrine may be responsible for fatigue and a sense of hopelessness. A person's genetic structure, environment, and personality are all factors that affect the balance of these chemicals.