The results of the analysis of many studies all support the working hypothesis. This means the usage of DDT is far more risky and health hazardous to justify its use as an IRS fighting agent against malaria. The results of each of the articles and journals selected will be described in the order of Case-control studies, followed by cohorts, then cross-sectionals and lastly literature reviews.
The first study is by Rignell-Hydbom; et al. looked at the exposure to DDT as a risk factor for type 2 Diabetes. The study was performed within a well-defined cohort of women (n=6917) with ages between 50-59 from the southern part of Sweden. The study used 107 cases out of a total 371 cases. They stored serum samples for at least three years before type 2 diabetes was diagnosed 17. In order to evaluate the risk of developing type 2 diabetes with DDT exposure, the study used a conditional logistic regression and also took an odds ratio as a risk measure with 95% confidence intervals 17. In the 107/371 cases DDT was not associated with an increased risk to develop type 2 diabetes. The study did find a set of cases (n=39) that were diagnosed more than six years after their base line examination compared with their controlled studies. The women in the highest quartile showed an increased risk to develop type 2 diabetes 17. Overall there was a 46% higher mean concentration of DDT compared with the controls 17. The study resulted in 5.5 [95% CI 1.2, 25] for DDT was obtained 17.
Another study by author Bräuner EV et al. looked at organochlorines in adipose tissue and risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). 160,725 persons ranging from the ages of 50-64 were invited to participate in the prospective Diet, Cancer and Health study 2. A total of 57,05...
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...ent among children 3.5-5 years of age. Environ Health Perspect. 2013 Feb;121(2):263-8. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1205034. Epub 2012 Nov 13. Retrieved From http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23151722
22. Valvi D, Mendez MA, Martinez D, Grimalt JO, Torrent M, Sunyer J, Vrijheid M. Prenatal concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls, DDE, and DDT and overweight in children: a prospective birth cohort study. Environ Health Perspect. 2012 Mar;120(3):451-7. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1103862. Epub 2011 Oct 25. Retrieved From http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22027556
23. WHO. The use of DDT in malaria vector control. 2011. Geneva: World Health Organization. Retrieved From http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2011/WHO_HTM_GMP_2011_eng.pdf
24. WHO. World malaria report 2013. 2014. S.l.: World Health Organization. Retrieved From http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/97008/1/9789241564694_eng.pdf
"Chemical Warfare Agents - Resources on the health effects from chemical weapons, emergency response & treatment, counterterrorism, and emergency preparedness.au.af." Specialized Information Services - Reliable information on toxicology, environmental health, chemistry, HIV/AIDS, and minority health. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2010.
Two case-control 4,5, two nested case-control2,6 and two cohort1,7 studies reported estimates for the association between Tetrachloroethylene (TCE) exposure and primary liver cancer. A non-significant association was found between occupational solvent exposure and primary liver cancer among one case-control study, while the other observed a significant association. Hemberg et al. found the odds ratio (OR) for heavy/moderate exposure compared with little/no exposure was 2.3 (95% CI: 0.8, 7.0). The association was confined to women (exact Fisher’s chi-square p=0.007) with the men having a non-significant odds ratio of 0.5. Stemhagen et al. found that among men, the OR for working laundry or dry cleaning compared to not working in that occupation was 2.50 (95% CI: 1.02,...
Health effects of DDT are cancer like pancreatic, reproductive effects, impaired lactation, impaired neurologic function such as irritability, dizziness, and numbness.
...DT has been in use in malaria control programs since the 1940's and has proved generally effective. The most common use of DDT in preventing the spread of malaria is to spray the backs of chairs and walls of a dwelling with the substance to keep out adult mosquitos who enter the dwelling to feed on those who live there. Though DDT treatments are still an effective way to stop the spread of malaria, some mosquitos have become resistant to the compound and therefore more methods of prevention must be utilized.
The pesticide DDT banned in 1987 was a detrimental to the environment leading to it to be banned in 1987. DDT remains in the soils for a long period of time. The chemicals affect the ecology of the soil and water run off causing contamination of livestock and native animals and aquatic species. Studies indicated a range of human health impacts from DDT including cancers, infertility, miscarriage and nervous system impairment. The social and economic impact of DDT use in viticulture was significant.
Unfortunately, people and wildlife sprayed with DDT along with other chemicals had no warnings and no way to protect themselves. The government, without consent of those affected, risked the health of those exposed to the pesticides and the quality of the environment. Nearly everyone was exposed to the risks, in a direct or indirect way, from the extensive aerial spraying.
Darwin would be delighted to find the insect population proves his theory of survival of the fittest. Chemical spraying kills off the weaker insects and allows the stronger ones to survive who are more and more resistant to sprays. It was DDT, Carson says, that ushered in “The Age of Resistance” (p. 233) as the genetics of insects even far from spraying sites registered the information that insecticides were not lethal to them. Resistance is developing so fast it has become a health crisis, in terms of mosquitoes, ticks, lice, cockroaches, and other vectors of disease. One method of dealing with the problem is to keep switching insecticides, but that has a limited success. Chemical companies keep inventing
DDT is an organochlorine insecticide that is absorbed through surface contact and kills by poisoning the nervous system (Pesticide Action Network UK 2012). It has become highly effective in combating insect-borne human diseases among military and civilian populations (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2011). Currently, through the Stockholm Convention, which was signed during the United Nations Environment Programme 2002, 12 chemicals have been banned, one of which is DDT. However, production and usage was granted to control disease vectors provided recommendations and guidelines of the World Health Organisation (WHO) were adhered to, until locally safe, effective and affordable alternatives were available (van den Berg 2009). Thus, this study is to investigate the effectiveness of the usage of DDT to combat malaria and addresses the controversies surrounding this method by looking at how it affects humans and the environment.
Early in history DDT was a very effective chemical that killed many parasites and stopped the mass spread of malaria. But the reward is not worth the damage that it does to the environment, especially in modern day where we have other ways to prevent parasite and diseases from getting to us. "Top of the Food Chain" by T. Coraghessan Boyle, is a story about the absolute absurdity of things that human beings do to their world and to their fellow living beings. Set during a Senate hearing by a chemical company executive on the defensive about the effects of DDT in Borneo. Basically, poison was used to get rid of mosquitoes. Didn't work. So they brought in geckos, that died from the poison. Cats ate dead geckos, and cats died. This brought on rat infestation. So they brought in more cats and cycle started over again. He is arguing that humans are wrong for destroying their planet with pesticides and other harmful things; this satirical piece effectively supports his argument.
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that: In 2010 alone there were an estimated 219 million cases of malaria and approximately 660.000 deaths. Most of the deaths occurred amongst children under the age of 5. There are currently (+ -) 104 malaria-endemic countries and approximately half the world’s population is at risk for infection, worldwide. These figures make malaria the leading cause of
Malaria kills over 3000 children ever-single day 12. This statistic illustrates the tragic outcome that is associated with this devastating disease. In the United States, we fail to completely understand the gravity of Malaria because it is not relevant in our daily lives. The same cannot be said of other nations around the world that are still considered high-risk areas. Sub-Saharan Africa is widely known to bears the greatest mortality rate at the hands of this fatal infection 12. Despite constant efforts to fight malaria, several economic, social, and biological factors have hindered its eradication.
Feachem, R., & Sabot, O. (2008). A new global malaria eradication strategy. The Lancet, 371(9624), 1633-5. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/199022644?accountid=13567
Malaria is a serious disease that is transmitted through mosquitos bites, causing one who is infected to be at risk of infections, organ failure, or even death. To combat this, DDT, an insecticide used to control mosquitos and their malaria transmissions, was created. Though effective, its severe effects on the surrounding community is the reason why DDT should not be used to combat malaria.
Household chemicals were created for a reason, but that doesn’t mean they can’t be harmful to your health. For instance, pesticides used on household lawns are now proven to cause neurological disorders. These include depression, mania, learning disorders, A.D.H.D, immune system defects and memory problems. Not proven yet, but the same chemicals play a big part in leading research for the c...
Each year there are 10,000 pesticide related poisonings. On July 4th 1985, over 300 Californians became sick after eating watermelons treated with the pesticide tenik. Testing supermarket produce is a way of determining the amount of exposure the consumer receives through common produce like carrots, tomatoes and lettuce. 44% of foods that were tested in supermarkets were found to have some traces of pesticide residue on them. Of all the pesticides found, nineteen of them were a pesticide called DDT. DDT was banned in this country 12 years prior to the testing. It was believed that these chemicals might have entered this country from another country that doesn’t have pesticide restrictions as the U.S. does.