The thyroid gland is found in the front of the neck and produces two main hormones. The hormones are called thuroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3). Together these hormones regulate the body’s metabolism by increasing energy use in cells, regulate growth and development, help to maintain body temperature and aid in oxygen consumption. These two hormones are regulated by hormones produced by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The hypothalamus senses changes in body’s metabolic rate and releases a hormone known as thyropin-releasing hormone (TRH). This hormone then flows through connecting vessels to the pituitary gland which signals it to release another hormone. This hormone is known as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH then makes its way to the bloodstream until it reaches the thyroid where it is then signaled to activate T3 and T4 production [1]. This mechanism is controlled by a negative feedback loop meaning that when there is a sufficient amount of thyroid hormones in the blood stream, this will signal back to stop production of thyroid stimulating hormones. Complications occur when the thyroid hormones keep increasing even though there is already a sufficient amount of T3 and T4 in the blood stream. This process of over expression of thryroid hormones is known as hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism is a general term that includes any disease that has a consequence of an overabundance of thyroid hormones. Hyperthyroidism is a general term but there are many variant diseases that are in the hyperthyroidism category. These diseases include diffuse toxic goiter, Basedow’s disease, thyrotoxicosis, Parry’s and Graves’ disease. 1. Overview of patient phenotype Hyperthyroidism has a plethora of causes. The major causes of ... ... middle of paper ... ...yakit T, Thongmak S, Premprapha T. Comparative evaluation of two different dosage calculation protocols of iodine-131 in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. J Med Assoc Thai. 2010;93(8):969-977. 7. Federman DG, Chanko EH. Differential Diagnosis in Internal Medicine: From Symptom to Diagnosis. JAMA.2007;298(17):2070-2075. doi:10.1001/jama.298.17.2072. 8. Hegedus L, Bonnema SJ, Bennedek FN. Management of Simple Nodular Goiter. Endocrine Reviews, February 2003, 24(1):102–132. 9. Geffner DL, Hershman JM (July 1992). "β-Adrenergic blockade for the treatment of hyperthyroidism". The American Journal of Medicine 93 (1): 61–8. 10. Andersson, Maria; Zimmermann, Michael B. (2010). Influence of Iodine Deficiency and Excess on Thyroid Function Tests 28. pp. 45–69 11. Vaidya B, Kendall-Taylor P, Pearce SHS. (2002). The Genetics of autoimmune Thyroid Disease 87(12):5385.
Hyperparathyroidism is a disorder that results from an excess of parathyroid hormone in the bloodstream due to one or more of the body's four parathyroid glands being overactive. These glands are small and oval shaped and are located in the neck. The parathyroid hormones produced by the parathyroid glands help to maintain an acceptable balance of calcium in the bloodstream and in tissues that depend on calcium for proper functioning.
Saranac, L. e. (2011). Why is the Thyroid So Prone to Autoimmune Disease? Hormone Research in Pediatrics, 157-165.
Felicilda-Reynaldo (2016) defined the thyroid as the butterfly shaped gland which located in the lower front of the neck to control the body’s metabolism. In addition, it helps the body use energy, stay warm and keep the brain, heart, muscles, and other organs working normally (American Thyroid Association (ATA), 2014). This endocrine gland produces two main thyroid hormones in a balanced way so that the normal work in protecting the body from harmful substances such as bacteria or any other materials. Thus, when this gland produces one of these hormones more than the natural rate, which is 80% and thyroxine T4 and 20% triiodothyronine T3, then the body becomes what is called hyperthyroidism (De Leo & Braverman, 2016). Moreover, nervousness, irritability, increased perspiration, anxiety, racing heart, difficulty sleeping, thinning skin, weight loss, or muscle weakness are some of the hyperthyroidism symptoms that experienced by a patient from active thyroid gland (ATA,
Spark Ralph, S. & Taylor, C. M. (2011). Nursing diagnosis reference manual (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Ghosh, A. (2010). Mayo Clinic internal medicine board review. Rochester, MN.: Mayo Clinic Scientific Press.
When the hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin releasing hormone, which then stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release thyroid-stimulating hormone. The thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to release its hormones T3 and T4. The hormones regulate general body metabolism. An imbalance within the thyroid hormones may interfere with the following body functions: growth, maturation; carbohydrates, proteins, and lipid metabolism; thermoregulation; cardiovascular function; and reproduction. Thyroid disease is broken up into two opposite disorders such as: hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. This happens when your thyroid gland is not functioning
The doctors used to replace the thyroid hormone for the people who suffered from the hypothyroidism. They followed this procedure for several years. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is the condition which we can observe in the thyroid diseases. This is the condition where we cannot observe any symptoms, by the way it’s very difficult to diagnose the disease. We can able to diagnose the disease by microscope examination. It is very difficult process and can’t perform all the time. This disease destroys thyroid gland. It is very difficult to regulate the condition, so doctors used to replace thyroid gland. They also used Cytomel or Synthroid instead of T3 and T4 for the treatment of thyroid disease. Cytomel, Synthroid, T3, and T4 are the main hormones which are used for thyroid treatment. Natural thyroid preparations include thyroid extracts which contain both T3 and T4, this are the first treatment which are available in the market. Several dosages were adjusted to solve this problem. They performed many clinical trials for the thyroid treatment. They observed the development of serum TSH and identification of peripheral deiodinase mediator conversion of T4 to T3. L-Thyroxine mono therapy treatment also used for the treatment of hypothyroidism, but after many clinical trials they came to know that this therapy has several side effects, so they did not used this
Due to her Hashimoto’s diagnosis JJ should begin pharmacologic treatment. The mainstay for treatment of hypothyroidism is levothyroxine4. Levothyroxine is synthetic T4 that comes in a variety of strengths and is a relatively cheap generic medication. Levothyroxine has a simple method of action, it replaces T4 hormone that the patient’s thyroid cannot produce and once in the blood stream acts just like natural T44. The starting dose for this medication is patient is under 50 years old is 1.6 mcg/kg daily4. JJ is currently 73 kg, so she should be started on the levothyroxine 112 mcg daily. When being counseled JJ should be told to take her medication once daily every morning 30 minutes before breakfast, this is because levothyroxine is best absorbed on an empty stomach and this environment is needed to get the full dose4. Although not preferred, if this method of taking her medication does not work for JJ she can take her one tablet daily 4 hours after her last meal of the day, or take her entire weekly dose once a week4. JJ should be told that the onset of action for levothyroxine is about 3-6 days; she could experience increased heart rate, weight loss, fever, or tremors5. Levothyroxine has some drug interactions that pertain to medications JJ is on. Levothyroxine and
This Paper will focus on the importance of the hypothalamus in endocrinology. The approach that will be taken is first examining the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system. We will then look at how the hypothalamus is able to carry out this role, which means focusing on the hormones it release. The following hormones will be observed: Thyrotrophic-releasing hormone, Growth hormone-releasing hormone, Corticotrophin-releasing hormone, and Gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Knowing the overall role each of these hormones will make more sense of the functions of the hypothalamus.
The human body, known for being the most complicated work of cells, tissues, systems and organs is a fascinating masterpiece; inside the human body, we have twelve major organ systems. One of those systems is the Endocrine system; it is responsible for the coordinating many of the bodies’ functions. The endocrine system is made of many organs, one of them is the thyroid gland, it is responsible for manufacturing hormones with help regulate metabolism. Metabolism more commonly known as the chemical process in which an animal or human uses water and food to heal, grow and make energy. When the thyroid produces too much hormones, it can cause an issue leading to Hyperthyroidism and when insufficient hormones are produced it leads to Hypothyroidism. Thyroid problems can lead to Hashimoto’s Disease, Thyroid Nodules, and Graves’ Disease.
According to MedicalNet.Com “Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which an overactive thyroid gland is producing an excessive amount of thyroid hormones that circulate in the blood” (MedicalNet, 2013). It can become very serious if not diagnosed or treated correctly. Hyperthyroidism can lead to many complications. Some of these complications are heart problems, osteoporosis, eye problems, and red swollen skin. I will explain hyperthyroidism signs and symptoms, causes, and treatment options, including home remedies. Also, there are many ways you can cope and deal with hyperthyroidism to help with the healing process.
The thyroid, part of the endocrine system, is a butterfly shaped organ located in the neck superior to the collarbone and inferior to the Adam’s apple. It consists of two lateral lobes, which are then connected by a median tissue mass called the isthmus. Also, the thyroid helps in maintaining metabolism (process by which cells use energy) by producing two hormones known as triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). In an over productive thyroid (hyperthyroidism), T3 and T4 are going to be overproduced, leading to an overactive metabolism essentially causing irregular/rapid heartbeat, weight loss, irritability, and nervousness (U.S. National Library of Medicine). Studies have shown, that hyperthyroidism is more common in women than men, patients with thyroid issues, and people over 60 years of age (Queenn, 2005). Other factors and diseases that influence hyperthyroidism include Graves’ disease (most common cause), intake of iodine consumption, and tumors of the testes or ovaries (Uzelac & Moon, 2005). Hyperthyroidism can also lead to mechanical problems within the body which include heart problems associated with atrial
Michael Zimmermann, M., & Creswell J. Eastman, M. (2009, Septmber 1). The Iodine Deficiency Disorders. Retrieved May 28, 2012, from Thyroid Disease Disorders: http://www.thyroidmanager.org/chapter/the-iodine-deficiency-disorders/
Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid is not producing enough hormones for the body. In my particular case I had Hoshimoto’s thyroiditis which is the most common cause of hypothyroidism. Hoshimoto’s thyroiditis is when extra antibodies are produced and begin to attack
Hyperthyroidism: Hyperthyroidism is a condition caused by overproduction of thyroid hormone. The common cause of hyperthyroidism includes, Graves’ disease, toxic adenoma and toxic multinodular goiter. Graves’ disease is the common cause of hyperthyroidism in the United States. Adrenergic symptoms such as palpitations, tachycardia, tremor, anxiety, jitteriness, heat intolerance, diaphoresis, stare, lid lag, and hyperdefecation are the most common manifestations of hyperthyroidism. Hypermetabolism causes weight loss despite an increased appetite. Neuromuscular symptoms includes, weakness of proximal muscles. Whereas psychiatric symptoms consists of anxiety, insomnia and