This is my report on evolution of speech and main responsible gene, which is called FOXP2. (Figure 1 – FOXP2 protein)
Foxp2 gene has found in 7q31 choromosome and it encoding protein of 715 amino acids - Forkhead box protein P2 , which is transcription factor. Forkhead box protein P2 have a forkhead-box DNA binding domain and which makes this protein one of the members of FOX family of transcription factors. As we know transcription factors are regulating gene expression in different types of organ-systems, such as lungs, guts and hearth. (1) Figure 1
First time FOXP2 was identified as a language gene, in a famous KE family , or London family. This family was famous because of numerical language disorders that they have in their family (30 people) in 3 generations. In 1990 Myrina Gopnik started her research with this family and reported on them genetic origin of the language. Lately, in 1998 Simon Fisher and his colleagues identified small section on 7th chromosome . Fisher's team discovers a particular mutation which affected FOXP2 gene in chromosomal region, which caused many linguistic disorders in KE family. After this studies, Fisher started to compare different individuals with some disorders and find out , that all of them have mutations on FOXP2 gene. (6) (Figure 2 shows the pedigree of KE family)
Regarding to different studies we know that FOXP2 expressed in different areas of brain, such as basal ganglia , frontal cortex and it is important forlanguage and speech development. Fisher and his collegues characterized different types of disorders in KE family, such as breaking up the words, and problems with grammatical skills. The interesting fact was, that Fisher discovers, that IQ of effected members was...
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...rgha-Khadem, F., Watkins, K. E., Monaco, A. P., & Pembrey, M. E. (1998). Localisation of a gene implicated in a severe speech and language disorder. Nature Genetics, 18, 168 -170. doi:10.1038/ng0298-168.
7.Gopnik, Myrna & Goad, Heather. (1997). What underlies inflectional error patterns in
genetic dysphasia? J. of Neurolinguistics, 10(2-3), 109-37.
References for photos
Figure 1.http://www.google.de/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2F3%2F37%2FProtein_FOXP2_PDB_2a07.png&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFOXP2&h=594&w=995&tbnid=XnKZO35iUrvqkM%3A&zoom=1&docid=C4DzRP84lVuTpM&ei=LxhYU6a-O6WLyAOKloFI&tbm=isch&iact=rc&uact=3&dur=143&page=1&start=0&ndsp=25&ved=0CFcQrQMwAA
Figure 2. http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v6/n2/fig_tab/nrn1605_F1.html
Figure 3. http://www.evolutionpages.com/images/FOXP2_mutations.jpg
-Reilly Philip. Is It In Your Genes. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 2004: 223-228. Print
From the time Caroline began preschool she had a severe speech sound disorder. She had a lisp along with difficulty producing what she referred to as harsh sounds, such as the sound /r/. The lisp caused difficulty in producing /th/ which was produced in the form of /s/. The sounds that gave her the most trouble were the lingua-dental. There was extreme difficulty in the articulation of her tongue to produce the sounds, and in order to compensate for not being able to say the words properly she began to omit the sounds she could not produce. Her speech language pathologist explained to her that she had a lazy tongue. It was described to her that she did not know how to properly move her tongue in the specific ways to produce the specific sounds. When Caroline was asked what she thought had caused her speech disorder, she thought it was because she had a delay in her verbal abilities and poor mouth structure as her mouth was narrow, and teeth were very crooked. However, the underlying cause was not known.
At birth, children with familial dysautonomia are diagnosed by a distinct set of symptoms. (FD Facts) Poor muscle tone and lack of tears are two symptoms that can be detected very early. As they get older they have a hard time maintaining body temperature, they hold their breath for long periods of time and have a delay in speech and walking. The cause of these symptoms is due to a defect IKBKAP gene. Someone with familial dysautonomia has two copies of IKBKAP in each cell, which means a mutation occurred. This mutation disrupts the information in the IKBKAP gene that helps the production of IKAP protein. The IKAP protein is used for brain functions but when the mutation occurs, not enough of the proteins are made for the brain to function properly...
Various types of language disorders affect a considerable amount of children academically and socially worldwide. This article focuses on developmental language disorders (DLD) caused by central auditory processing disorders (CAPD). A CAPD is defined as showing "difficulties discriminating, identifying and retaining sounds after the ears have "heard" the sounds." Both language and auditory are processed in an infinite number of nuclei throughout both hemispheres of the brain. Thus it has been hypothesized that abnormalities of the corpus callosum (CC) are correlated with deficiencies in auditory and language processes. This article reviews studies that have tried to prove this hypothesis. Due to the homogenous nature of either process, it is too complicated to try to identify a single cause of a single structure of the brain. Studies have yet to be found of having strong evidence that the CC correlates (or does not correlate) with DLDs and CAPDs.
Audiologists, C. A.-L. (2012, October). Early Identifacation of Speech adn Language Disorders. Retrieved from CASLPA: http://www.caslpa.ca
Proteins called transcription factors, however, play a particularly central role in regulating transcription. These important proteins help determine which genes are active in each cell of your body.
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (2005). Genes to Cognition Online: Wernicke’s Area. Retrieved May 23, 2014, from http://www.g2conline.org/2022
Wood, Frank B., and Elena L. Grigorenko. “Emerging Issues in the Genetics of Dyslexia: A
“Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology (B.S.)” Bloomu.edu. Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, 2014. Web. 28 April 2014.
From a genetic perspective, chromosome six, fifteen, and eighteen are the main focus for most research. The KIAA0319 gene on chromosome six has been associated with low performance in tests for reading, spelling, orthography, and...
Christiansen, M. H., & Chater, N. (2008). Language as shaped by the brain. Behavioral and
...sek J. (2009). Language Characteristics in Individuals with Down Syndrome. National Institutes of Health. pp.112-132.
Ongoing research has tried to pinpoint exact reasons as to why there is speech impairment for those with aphasia and other language disorders. Most theories suggest genetic and environmental implications. Is the speech disability some sort of defect from within the brain, or does the disability develop as a result of influence from your surroundings and lack of nurture from others?
"The principles and rules of grammar are the means by which the forms of language are made to correspond with the universal froms of thought....The structures of every sentence is a lesson in logic."