About 98% of the human genome transcripted into RNA that does not code protein [1],which popularly called non-coding RNAs(ncRNAs). These transcripts fall into several classes based on their length, biogenesis, polarity (sense or antisense), and putative functions. A classification set it as long and small ncRNAs depending upon length of the transcript. Small ncRNAs include Piwi-interacting RNAs(piRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNAs(miRNAs), and some bacterial regulatory RNAs[2]. By contrast, the long noncoding RNAs(lncRNAs) characterized a class of transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides[3].A large number of ncRNAs like miRNAs and piRNAs has been well studied in human and mouse[4],[5].
Given the low expression and poorly conserved in different species, lncRNAs were thought as transcriptional noise with no biological function[6], which regardless of having characteristic mRNA signatures such as 59-capping, splicing, and poly-adenylation[7],[8].
However, The functional roles and interactions of small and lncRNAs transcriptome studied in developing zebrafish embryos, worms and flies discovered that lncRNAs regulate local protein-coding gene expression at the level of chromatin remodeling, transcriptional control and post-transcriptional processing[9]: (1) Chromatin remodeling, ncRNAs can recruit chromatin modifying complexes to specific genomic loci to impart their catalytic activity. In this case, the lncRNAs HOTAIR[10], Xist and RepA (the small internal noncoding transcript from the Xist locus)[11], or Kcnqot1 recruit the Polycomb complex to the HoxD locus, the X chromosome, or the Kcnq1 domain, respectively, where they trimethylate lysine 27 residues (me3K27) of histone H3 to induce heterochromatin formation a...
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21. Weikard R, Hadlich F, Kuehn C (2013) Identification of novel transcripts and noncoding RNAs in bovine skin by deep next generation sequencing. BMC Genomics 14: 789. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-14-789.
22. Zhang Y, Wang J, Huang S, Zhu X, Liu J, et al. (2009) Systematic identification and characterization of chicken (Gallus gallus) ncRNAs. Nucleic Acids Res 37: 6562–6574. doi:10.1093/nar/gkp704.
23. Roeszler KN, Itman C, Sinclair AH, Smith CA (2012) The long non-coding RNA, MHM, plays a role in chicken embryonic development, including gonadogenesis. Dev Biol 366: 317–326. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.03.025.
24. Arriaga-Canon C, Fonseca-Guzmán Y, Valdes-Quezada C, Arzate-Mejía R, Guerrero G, et al. (2013) A long non-coding RNA promotes full activation of adult gene expression in the chicken α-globin domain. Epigenetics 9: 173–181. doi:10.4161/epi.27030.
survived. Later on, multiple copies of RNA genome of congo virus was found in the serum of diseased person and provided the clue for further experimentations. The genome was tacked using deep sequencing procedure. Further phylogenetic studies indicated more differences with other known rhabdoviruses. Antibodies specific for CCHFV glycoprotein was developed. Neutralization was seen with CCHF-G.Hemorrhagic fever with this kind of virus seems unusual in humans because none of the virus of this family
are lenient about will it actually work or not, but as technology get better so will treatments to cure hard to pinpoint disease such as cancer, zika, or leukemia. Genome editing (also called gene editing) is a group of technologies that give scientists the ability to change an organism's DNA.
advantages by employing a solution to heart diseases. Problem Congenital heart defect (CHD) is a type of inherited illness resulting in the dysfunctions of heart structure, initially presented at birth. The abnormalities of the genome is generally passed
single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome (Calder et al., 2010; Cox & Subbarao, 1999). Type C cause sporadic mild influenza-like illness in children. Type B are known to cause recurring regional and local epidemic disease, but it is only found in human. Type A virus is the most
questions that the USDE hoped to find solutions to through The Genome Project. The Genome Project has been an ongoing project sense 1990 and was finally completed on April 14th , 2003. The U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health were the ones directing the Genome Project. The progress of the Genome Project is still unknown because the project was completely finished, but scientists are still going to be researching the Genome Project for many years. The project is like a master blue
cause of diarrhea in young infants. This virus was discovered in 1973. It is a non enveloped, double stranded RNA virus in Class III of the Baltimore Classification system. It is part of the virus family Reoviridae. There are five different species of this virus known as A, B, C, D, and E. Rotavirus A is the most common species of the virus causing more than 90% of infections in humans. It causes severe gastroenteritis and is a major cause of disease and death in children. Rotavirus attacks enterocytes
large genome was because said genome could not sustain having large amounts of genes and that areas in between had an important role in doing nothing (ScientificAmerican, 2016). Large portions of this “junk DNA” comes about from transposition of DNA sections to different locations on the genome. These transpositions cause many areas to contain repetitive sequences that did not appear to have an immediate function. It is for this reason that when initial discussion over sequencing the human genome
In Eukaryotes And Prokaryotes As for organisms in the world from humans to the smallest microbe, they directly reflect upon biodiversity, in respect to the appearance, size and expression. The reason behind this is caused by the genetic material found in each and every cell that composes each organism. Given that there are two types of cell organizations found in life, comparison of both ‘eukaryote’ and ‘prokaryote’ genomes will provide a better understanding for such diversity. ‘karyote’ refers
Bioethics of Gene Therapy A genome is all of the DNA in a given organism. The DNA is split up into smaller groups of nucleotides called genes. Every gene contains the information for the production of a different protein. The human genome was once thought to have over 100,000 genes but it was recently found to have around 30,000 genes. The proteins produced by the genes determine different characteristics of the organism such as hair color, the ability to fight infection, some aspects of behavior
Every cell in our body contains a copy of our genome. A human body contains over 20,000 genes and 3 billion letters of DNA. DNA consists of 2 strands, twisted into a double helix and held together by a simple pairing rule: A pairs with T and G pairs with C. It is our genes that shape who we are, as individuals and as a species. Genes also have profound effects on health and due to advancements in DNA sequencing, researchers have identified thousands of genes that affect our risk of disease. To understand
simplified structures both prions and viroids are sometimes called subviral particles. It is very simple to get confused between the two at some points. A viroid (an infectious RNA molecule) is like a virus but not quite the same thing. It's smaller than a virus and has no capsid. Prions on the other hand have neither DNA nor RNA to transmit infection. Not enough is known about them, but we do know that a prion is an abnormal or mutated form of a usually harmless protein. They work in two different fields
throughout the scientific community. The ENCODE project states “The vast majority (80.4%) of the human genome participates in at least one biochemical RNA-and/or chromatin-associated event in at least one cell type” (The ENCODE Project Consortium). This statement claims the functionality of the human genome as a whole and is the core theme that will be analyzed. The human genome was mapped for RNA transcribed regions (functional RNA’s other than protein coding), protein coding regions, transcription
Biomedical Technology Introduction For the biotechnology industry, the future is now. Biotech companies are producing new and improved drugs, mapping the genome, and creating artificial organs and body parts. The advent of these new products will increase the quality of life for those who have access to them. Advancements in the biotechnology field have received a lot attention by the press and publications. They have given the impression that it is almost imperative to learn about this
Retrovirus are any RNA disease/virus that belongs to the family Retrofired. The virus was discovered in 1971 by Howard Temin and David Baltimore. 8uRetroviruses are uniquely shaped viruses, confusing features and overwhelming morbidity of the disease they cause. The genome of Retroviruses consists of RNA into DNA. Retrovirus have an outer envelope, which came from the plasma membrane of the host. There is an envelope protein in the lipid bilayer, actually many copies of this. The virus has a capsid
Cancer has become leading cause of death across world in the class of non-communicable diseases. This has led to massive research in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Diagnosis of cancer in early stages could prevent its spread to other organs of the body and possible cure of the patient. More and more different types of cancers are being identified and mostly they have to be treated differently. Cancer classification plays a very important role in cancer diagnosis. Earlier strategies used for cancer