Flooding is an extreme climatic event that generates devastation and economic losses all around the world. The extreme climatic events are increasing more severe and frequent due to the climate change. The climate change is a global scale, the mean annual surface temperature has increased over the past century by 0.6°C (IPCC, 2007).Climate models and theoretical arguments further indicate that extreme precipitation events will continue to increase with rises in greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations (Min et al., 2011). Climate change will have significant impacts on precipitation patterns, overall increase in annual average temperature, increase precipitation of frequency, magnitude, precipitation amounts, severe events and flooding risk. The frequency, magnitude and severity of flooding are also increasing in many parts of the world associated with climate change, population pressure and urbanization (Hirabayashi et al., 2013., Jongman et al., 2014). These increases in the frequency and severity of extreme precipitation, impact of climate change associated damages and losses from flooding, is also likely to increase in the 21st century and beyond (Allamano et al., 2009; Pallet al., 2011). …show more content…
Flooding has been a dominant climate impact for the contribution, and the principal cause of damage to property and infrastructure (Smith and Lawson, 2011). Climate change impact effect flooding risk on infrastructures both urban and rural areas in Ethiopia flooding risk damage urban and rural infrastructures (Negussie Ashebir, 2015; DDAEPA, 2011). In Ethiopia climate change impact cause food insecurity, outbreak of diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, cholera and dysentery, malnutrition, land degradation and damage to infrastructure (Kidanu et al., 2009; Adem and Bewket, 2011; Adem and Guta, 2011; Oates et al., 2011; EPA,
A major flood on any river is both a long-term and a short-term event, particularly any river basin where human influence has exerted "control" over the ri...
Climate change and Global Warming are out of control. This means that, no matter what policies, processes or actions are implemented, the Earth as we know it will never be the same again. There is significant evidence to support this hypothesis. The dilemma becomes whether we can limit the damage and adapt to a new status quo or not. Rising sea levels and the damage caused by this phenomenon has irreversible impacts on coastlines worldwide. Damage to sensitive reef systems cannot be fixed. This also has permanent impacts of the ecology not just of those immediate areas but also the ocean as a whole.
Already scientists have observed that more than 75% of the recent economic losses are caused by natural hazards which can be attributed to wind storms, floods, droughts and other climate related hazards. In the year 2008, the U.S. state of Iowa was on the front pages of newspapers all around the world. Weeks of heavy rain in the Midwest caused rivers to swell and levees to break. Millions of acres of farmland are now underwater, their plantings most likely destroyed. By March, Iowa had tied its third-highest monthly snowfall in 121 years of record keeping, and then came the rain. April’s st...
Currently, over half of the world’s population lives in urban based areas (Owrangi et al, 2014), and this increase in population is expected to contribute to further increases in flood risks (ibid). Vancouver has achieved rapid socioeconomic development due to the increased employment opportunities and growth rates, directly stressing local natural resources by increasing population and urbanization (Owrangi et al, 2014).
Moore, J. R., Bell, A. V., Jones, A. D., 2005. Forecasting for flood warning. C.R Geoscience 337, 203-217.
The ancient two ancient civilizations of Africa, Kush and Nubia are under risk of being flooded and complete destruction will begin in the next three years if the four new proposed dams Dal Dam, Kajbar Dam, Shereik Dam, and Upper Atbara Dam in northern and central Sudan are built.
In Jamaica, for instance, extreme climate events between 1994 and 2010 caused over UDS$130 million in damage and crop losses. Extreme rainfall events like El Nino and La Nino weather patterns caused significant losses in agricultural production and the necessity to import food and provide financial assistance to farmers. In the long term, without any mitigations and adaptations actions, climate change effect may increase poverty particularly in rural areas where their livelihood depend mainly on agriculture.
River flow has varied significantly over recent years due to droughts where there has not been enough rainfall, leading to reservoirs running extremely low. Then river flow has increased so quickly causing the concern to switch from droughts into risk of flooding. (2)
“For most of the history of our species we were helpless to understand how nature works. We took every storm, drought, illness and comet personally. We created myths and spirits in an attempt to explain the patterns of nature (Druyan).” According to Fox, Drought came also be seen as a slow- motion train wreck. We still have a very short time to get the people off safely before the crash. This drought is causing long dry period in regions were rain fall is usually frequent enough. From there this drought is turning to more like a famine because the area in drought is so huge and is causing much conflict for the survival of the people (2011). These areas include Somalia, southern Ethiopia, and northern Kenya.
Climate change is a change in global or regional climate patterns. Most of the cold extremes of the world is experiencing warming at a more rapid pace than its warming extremes. In fact, the true cold season now exists in only the polar extremes of the African continent. Western Africa and Guinea are found to also face a reduction of precipitation while its neighboring regions, although also affected with reduced rainfall, are more prone to extreme rainfall, indicating the effect of the change global warming has brought (Aguilar, Aziz Barry, Brunet, Ekang, Fernandes, Massoukina, & Zhang, 2009).
In various parts of the world like Asia, Africa, Australia and even Oklahoma, people have faced famines and droughts closely associated with climate change. This is affecting farming badly especially in countries like Ethiopia, where 70 per cent of the population depends on farming and ultimately depends on the rain for the crops. Now, the risks of droughts and famines are quite obvious from extreme hunger and starvation to wide-spread poverty. In order to adapt to such situations and mitigate future losses, organizations like Swiss Re, Oxfam America and Rockefeller Foundation are helping farmers to construct hillside terraces and providing them other means to conserve water. The farmers are also being helped by insurance coverage. They are encouraged to invest and this also helps boost their own
People in Bangladesh aren’t educated enough to build any appropriate flood protection and to maintain them. The problem concerning Bangladesh is that most of the land is only a few feed above water and very unstable. No amount of river control can change this. To alleviate the impact of flooding Bangladesh’s only choice has to be severe population controls to reduce the density of people on this land and also to encourage a movement away from the lowest lying areas. It is also believed that Bangladesh will each year run a three-times higher risk of suffering an exceptionally wet monsoon compared with the probability today, thus it is also expected that parts of Bangladesh face the risk of more frequent, major floods in the latter half of this century because of global warming.
Floods can give the negative impact to the infrastructure. The damage on the infrastructure can cause the long term impacts such as disruptions of clean waters, transport, communication, electricity supply, education and health care. The loss of livelihoods can decreasing in a purchasing power and loss of land value in the coastal area that can bring to the increasing in the vulnerabilities of communities living in the area. The additional cost for rehabilitation, relocation of people and removal of property from flood-affected areas can divert the capital required for maintaining production. This Impact of floods can be related to the loss of lives and property because it can be include to property damage, loss of human life, non-functioning in infrastructures, destruction of crops, loss of livestock and deterioration of health condition
The floods in Indonesia are a big annual problem for the poorest areas along rivers especially in East Java along the Bengawan Solo. The impact is not only on their houses, but their lands, their plantation fields, their animals and also the infrastructure within the villages. This means that every year they have to rebuild, renovate and replant all that has been destroyed due to the floods, leading to big financial losses. The villages near the Solo River are not protected for future floods, and few or very little changes have been done to adapt the villages to cope with future floods. Floods have been more frequent and voluminous during the last decade, most likely because of deforestation. This is one of the biggest reasons why the Bengawan Solo has floods yearly. The deforestation makes the erosion of the land in- crease and the impacts from the floods are then bigger. The resulting mudslides caused by deforestation are another impact causing a lot of problems. To avoid the erosion of the land and the mudslides, trees and other plants with long root systems can be planted along the river bank to decrease the floods, the natural reasons such as rain and the morphology of the river is one factor of the floods. People in the villages are used to the floods and don ́t see the floods as a problem, and they have adapted their lives, houses and crops to the yearly floods. But in my view the houses need to be better adapted to the floods, for example when the flood hits the house, the toilets also overflows, so the interior as well as the exterior has to be better adapted to avoid as many impacts as possible.
The flooding risk probability, hazard of extent, vulnerability of adverse effect and its consequences are a function of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability (IPCC, 2012; UNISDR, 2011). Risk is consequences depend on what is exposed the area to the hazard and how much it is vulnerable to its damage (Fedesk et al., 2007) (UNISDR, 2011). The frequency, magnitude and severity of flooding are increasing in many parts of the world associated with population pressure, urbanization and climate change (Hirabayashi et al., 2013;Jongman et al., 2014). The global population at risk of flooding expected to rise with temperature (Hirabayashi and Kanae, 2009). Flooding is one of the most frequent and destructive environmental hazards that occur annually worldwide (United Nations International strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR,