Convention is an integral part to both Harold Pinter’s Homecoming and Brian Friel’s Translations , affecting both the plot and the way the audience perceives the two plays. The two playwrights explore the theme of convention in many different ways, including through the characters’ struggle to change convention, their relationships and historical conventions. The playwrights of these plays force the audience to question what they know about convention, both in a modern context and in the context of the plays, and decide what message the playwrights are trying to put across about convention.
Both The Homecoming and Translations feature strong, independent women who try to break free of social conventions. In The Homecoming, this character is Ruth; she constantly shows her dominating personality through her interactions with other characters. For example, Lenny tries intimidate Ruth with stories of his encounters with women, but is left defeated when she says, ‘Why don’t I just take you’ to which Lenny has no response other than ‘You’re joking’. Teddy cannot seem to win against her either, not being able to go the ‘whole hog’ and Max is simply ignored when he demands, ‘Kiss me.’ Ruth is also fiercely independent, which she exhibits by choosing to stay in England to become a prostitute, rather than return to America with her husband and lead a conventional life. In 1960s Britain, women were beginning to gain more freedom, however they were still bound by many traditional social conventions such as a woman’s role in the home. Ruth, through her dominance and through the decisions she makes, challenges these conventions, giving her freedom and independence. In Translations, Maire similarly shows her fierce independence by making plans ...
... middle of paper ...
...entions, using the social context of Ireland in the 1830s and characters that are willing to break social conventions in order to achieve change.
Works Cited
1. The Homecoming (Harold Pinter, Faber, 1991)
2. Translations (Brian Friel, Faber, 1981)
3. The Cambridge Companion to Harold Pinter (Editor Peter Raby, Cambridge University Press, 2009)
4. The Homecoming (Dir. Peter Hall, DVD)
5. Power and Impotence in The Homecoming (John Hudson, The English Review, 1 September 2003)
6. The Ordnance Survey of the United Kingdom (Thomas Pilkington White, Blackwood, 1886)
7. Reinares, Maria Laura Barberan, "Remapping and Renaming Ireland: A Postcolonial Look at the Problem of Language and Identity in Brian Friel's Translations." (2007). Graduate English Association New Voices Conference 2007.Paper 1
8. Pinter’s Fractured Discourse in The Homecoming (Maurcie Charney, 2011
Swift's opposition is. indirectly presented in the report. The author uses satire to accomplish his objective not only because he is able to conceal his true identity but also because it is the most effective way to awake the people of Ireland into seeing their own deprivation. Firstly, the narrative voice begins the essay by describing the horrible conditions in which the Irish peasants live. He demonstrates there is a serious problem with a great need for a solution.
However, later in the book, readers soon discover how Ruth is labeled as “the quietest kind of rebel” by Susie for drawing “pictures of nude women that got misused by her peers” (Sebold 77). Whether it was because they feared drastic change or reactions, girls, such as Ruth, who were inspired by what they read, began to take small steps in expressing how they truly felt. By not setting up any restraints in her drawings, Ruth “refuses the constraints of the status quo in these areas as well as in the arena of acceptably feminine behavior” (Hacht 140). As more insight on Ruth is given, readers come to terms that the character’s thoughts and actions represent the 1970’s feminist movement due to her determination to deviate from social norms. Her development into a strong, independent woman mirrors real women who were also influenced by the same movement. In addition, Ruth’s free spirit embodies what all 70’s feminists were fighting for, liberation and
Included within the anthology The Penguin Book of Irish Fiction,1[1] are the works of great Irish authors written from around three hundred years ago, until as recently as the last decade. Since one might expect to find in an anthology such as this only expressions and interpretations of Irish or European places, events or peoples, some included material could be quite surprising in its contrasting content. One such inclusion comes from the novel Black Robe,2[2] by Irish-born author Brian Moore. Leaving Ireland as a young man afforded Moore a chance to see a great deal of the world and in reflection afforded him a great diversity of setting and theme in his writings. And while his Black Robe may express little of Ireland itself, it expresses much of Moore in his exploration into evolving concepts of morality, faith, righteousness and the ever-changing human heart.
The tales were rediscovered around 1880 inspiring the Irish literary revival in romantic fiction by writers such as Lady Augusta Gregory and the poetry and dramatic works of W.B. Yeats. These works wer...
In The Irish Women’s Movement: From Revolution to Devolution, Connolly described three distinct waves of feminism in Ireland. The novel takes place in the first phase, the “suffragette ...
The community, although it is very tight and strongly bound by tradition and family, is also troubled and varied. The potato crop is failing, the maps are being changed for the convenience of the English, people want to move out of Ireland, (for example when Maire tells Hugh she wants to learn English for when she moves to America). Things appear to be at peace when we are put into this environment and everything seems well at first, but as we look further into it we can see things are much more deep seeded and dark than at first glance. For example, Doalty steals a piece of equipment from some English soldiers; this cheeky mischief seems harmless until we hear about some of the English horses being lead off a cliff to their deaths. Nothing is what it seems in this play, there are many more issues that lurk beneath the rather innocent surface of this seemingly simple, rural community; feelings of hatred and betrayal course through the bodies of many of the populous. What the English are doing is not right, nor is it fair. They have no right to change the identity of a people for their own convenience.
During the 18th century Ireland was in a very serious crisis. Jonathan Swift decides to write “A Modest Proposal” as a satirical response to this crisis. In that essay he gives a solution to each of the problems that Ireland was having during that time. The main points that he wanted to discuss were domestic abuse, overpopulation, poverty, theft, and the lack of food. This crisis led the great nation of Ireland into economic struggles.
The McCourt family leaves their apartment in Brooklyn to set sail for Ireland, leaving behind an apartment with indoor plumbing and the memory of a dead sister in hopes of finding a better life amongst “the poverty, the shiftless loquacious alcoholic father, the pious defeated mother moaning by the fire, pompous priests, and bullying schoolmasters” of Ireland. This tragic story is told from the point of view of a child, Frank McCourt, whose father is a driftless alcoholic and whose mother does moan by the fire.
In James Joyce’s Dubliners, the theme of escape tends to be a trend when characters are faced with critical decisions. Joyce’s novel presents a bleak and dark view of Ireland; his intentions by writing this novel are to illustrate people’s reasons to flee Ireland. In the stories “Eveline, “Counterparts”, and the “Dead”, characters are faced with autonomous decisions that shape their lives. This forlorn world casts a gloomy shadow over the characters of these stories. These stories are connected by their similar portrayal of Ireland. They clearly represent Joyce’s views on people’s discontent with Ireland.
The years 1870 to 1890 in Ireland saw the fervent battle of Charles Stewart Parnell and his Home Rule party for home rule in Ireland. This consisted of Ireland having its own parliament to deal with internal affairs while still remaining under the control of Westminster in international affairs. It was not the desire for a full separation from Britain that would come later. However, by 1890, problems in Parnell’s personal life lead to a breakdown in communication with the Prime Minister and to a split in the Home Rule party. According to M E Collins, this left a void in Irish politics and life that was filled with a new cultural awareness and a questioning of Irish identity: ‘the new movements were different. They stressed the importance of Irish identity, Irish race and Irish culture’ (170 M E Collins, Ireland 1868 - 1966). It is at this point that Fanon’s ‘Wretched of the Earth’ becomes relevant to Irish history. In his chapter entitled ‘On National Consciousness’, Fanon stresses the colonised native fears of being assimilated totally into the culture of the coloniser, of being ‘swamped’ (169 Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth). These were the exact concerns that occupied the minds of the Irish people after the failure of home rule. They began to be anxious about what Collins terms ‘the distinguishing marks of Irishness’: ‘a culture and language that was different to Britain’s’.
A collection of short stories published in 1907, Dubliners, by James Joyce, revolves around the everyday lives of ordinary citizens in Dublin, Ireland (Freidrich 166). According to Joyce himself, his intention was to "write a chapter of the moral history of [his] country and [he] chose Dublin for the scene because the city seemed to [b]e the centre of paralysis" (Friedrich 166). True to his goal, each of the fifteen stories are tales of disappointment, darkness, captivity, frustration, and flaw. The book is divided into four sections: childhood, adolescence, maturity, and public life (Levin 159). The structure of the book shows that gradually, citizens become trapped in Dublin society (Stone 140). The stories portray Joyce's feeling that Dublin is the epitome of paralysis and all of the citizens are victims (Levin 159). Although each story from Dubliners is a unique and separate depiction, they all have similarities with each other. In addition, because the first three stories -- The Sisters, An Encounter, and Araby parallel each other in many ways, they can be seen as a set in and of themselves. The purpose of this essay is to explore one particular similarity in order to prove that the childhood stories can be seen as specific section of Dubliners. By examining the characters of Father Flynn in The Sisters, Father Butler in An Encounter, and Mangan's sister in Araby, I will demonstrate that the idea of being held captive by religion is felt by the protagonist of each story. In this paper, I argue that because religion played such a significant role in the lives of the middle class, it was something that many citizens felt was suffocating and from which it was impossible to get away. Each of the three childhood stories uses religion to keep the protagonist captive. In The Sisters, Father Flynn plays an important role in making the narrator feel like a prisoner. Mr. Cotter's comment that "… a young lad [should] run about and play with young lads of his own age…" suggests that the narrator has spent a great deal of time with the priest. Even in death, the boy can not free himself from the presence of Father Flynn (Stone 169) as is illustrated in the following passage: "But the grey face still followed me. It murmured; and I understood that it desired to confess something.
Kiberd, Declan, Inventing Ireland: the Literature of the Modern Nation, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1996.
Ronsley, Joseph, ed., Myth and Reality in Irish Literature, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, Canada, 1977
... of stories Dubliners, James Joyce leads the reader to the conclusion that the Catholic Church took the role of a governing body, and that modernist movement was inhibited by the outdated ideas of the Catholic Church. The story “The Boarding House” provides the reader with excellent examples of a priest who overextended his role in society, and it has been shown that such an occurrence has negative effects of the society as a whole. The Catholic church as a burdensome entity is very well shown in Joyce’s’ the “The sisters”. The story also provides us with a good explanation of the social connotations of religion within the modernist movement. In the stories of Dubliners the legal system is replaced by the institute of religion, and it is the presence and social context of the Catholic Church which prevents the Irish community from advancement.
McCann et al. Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies, 1994, 95-109).