Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are generally transmitted through sexual contact, during unprotected sexual intercourse, some are also transmitted from mother to child during antenatal, intranatal and postnatal period and through unsafe blood, blood products, donated organs or tissues and contaminated needles, their consequences are more devastating and prevalent among women than men.1
STIs are currently a huge burden of disease and adversely effect the reproductive health of people. It is recognized that risk of getting HIV infection increases manifold in people with current or prior STIs. STIs are linked to HIV transmission as common sexual behaviour put persons at the risk of infection which directly increases the probability of getting and transmitting HIV.2
The STIs / HIV are the global major public health; social and economic problems leading to considerable morbidity, mortality and stigma. Sex workers are one of the link groups for transmission of STIs / HIV, act as a link group to the general population.3, 4
Globally, incidence of STIs in 2008 was an estimated 499 million cases; this figure was not much different from the estimated 448 million cases in 2005. Globally in 2011 an estimated 34 million people were living with HIV and 0.8% of adult aged between 15 and 49 years were living with HIV. In 2011 the incidence of HIV was 2.5 million cases and 1.7 million people were died due to AIDS related causes.5, 6
In India the incidence of STIs was an estimated at around 5% of the adult population in 1999, which implies that about 40 million new STI cases are occurring yearly in the country and community based prevalence study (NACO 2003) showed that over 6% of adult population suffers from STIs, based on these an estimated 30 million adults were infected with STIs in that half of whom were symptomatic. About 60-80% of sex workers in major cities have STIs signifying that regular unprotected sexual intercourse was common.7
In 1986 the first case of AIDS was found in India and after that HIV infection has been reported in all states and union territories. India has the third largest population of people living with HIV/AIDS and HIV spread in India is heterogeneous. According to annual report of National AIDS control organization (NACO) 2011-12; in the year of 2009 it is estimated that India had approximately 1.2 lakh new HIV infection and estimated adult HIV prevalence in India was 0.31%. The adult prevalence was 0.
The spread of aids threatens our population daily. Lives lost to it number over 12 million, including 2 mil...
act of sexual means such as oral, anal, kissing and genital contact. One of the most commonly reported STD in the United States is Chlamydia. The number of this infection is gradually increasing worldwide and costing billions of dollars to health care systems. Today, there is not set type of screening practice or a vaccine available for this infection to decrease globally. Presently, the only treatment available to help ease with the problem, temporarily, is in the form of an antibiotic, which has failed to halt the increase. As a result of this quickly spreading disease, the need for a vaccination to reduce the rate of the spread is desperately needed.
As of 2015 there are 36.7 million people living with AIDS globally. In the United States alone 1.2 million people are living with HIV/AIDS. Unknowingly, one in eight people are unaware of their infection. Since the epidemic began in the early 1980s 1,216,917 people have been diagnosed with AIDS in the United States. From 2005 to 2014 the rate of infection has dropped by 19%, diagnoses in women declined 40%, and in African American women, diagnoses declined 42%. Amongst all heterosexuals, diagnoses declined 35%, and among people who use intravenous drugs, diagnoses declined 63%
One of the most recognizable similarities between syphilis and HIV/AIDS are that both are sexually transmitted diseases. Diagnoses for these two diseases are also similar as both depend on an antibody test. The etiological agents for these diseases are difficult to detect, the symptoms are ambiguous, and the progression of the disease from infection to symptoms can take years. Syphilis and HIV/AIDS commonly infect people with compromised immune systems and the treatments for both diseases are extremely toxic. People in third-world countries, people of low socio-economic status, and minorities are among the frequently affected. Society negatively associates both diseases with promiscuity and prostitution. The diseases syphilis and HIV/AIDS have many similarities throughout history.
During the 1980s, efforts increased to alert the public to the dangers of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and unintended pregnancy, yet these problems have increased. Adolescents and young adults have been especially hard hit. Pregnancy and birth rates among teenagers are at their highest levels in two decades.
Sexually Transmitted Infections are considerably easy to treat when diagnosed in the earliest stages. They are typically treated with frequently revised antibiotics, as they are bacterial infections that are becoming more drug-resistant. When infected and being treated for an STI, it is mandatory for one to abstain from sexual intercourse until treatment has been concluded and a health care professional says its okay for one to continue with those activities. If one is sexually active, it is recommended for their partner to also go through diagnosis and
Today it is no longer a novelty to hear that teenagers are having sex. However, while this “bedroom” activity may be fun, there are now ample reports indicating that rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in teenagers have skyrocketed. Current data reveal that nearly 25% of adolescent girls who have sex are infected with one of the four commonly sexually transmitted infections-namely gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes and HIV (Kann et al, 2015). Nationally, the prevalence of STDs account for 50% of cases in people under the age of 25. While every ethnic and race has been known to be affected, African American youth are disproportionately affected. These data are not a surprise to professionals who are engaged in adolescent sexual health because the numbers have been slowly creeping up over the decades, despite national educational policies to counter the threat of STDs (Sales & DiClemente, 2016). All the STDs have a significant impact on sexual and reproductive health, if they are mot promptly diagnosed and treated. Although many preventive strategies have been implemented in all communities, the rates of STDs are still increasing (Madkour et al, 2016).
In Nevada, where is the only U.S. state to allow any form of legal prostitution, women who test positive for AIDS are literally not allowed to work at all. If they do, there will be harsh legal implications. Legalization provides cleaner and better working condition for sex workers; it also means having better sexually transmitted disease (STD) tests for them, even for consumers. They could get tested regularly and practice safer sex. It reduces prostitutes’ possible physically harm and risk of having diseases, for instance, AIDS and gonorrhea, so that consumers could get the care they need from health workers in a safer and guarantee condition. Research shows that there is a 39 to 45 percent decline in case of female gonorrhea in Rhode Island when the prostitution is legal there (Cunningham, Shah 3). While the implication of legalization of the sex trade decreases workers’ and consumers’ risks of having sexually transmitted diseases, for the consumers’ families, it also indirectly lowers the possibility of having
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Sexually Transmitted Diseases STDs, a.k.a venereal diseases, infectious diseases passed from one person to another during sexual contact. STDs are the most common infections known. More than 12 million people in the United States, including 3 million teenagers, are infected with STDs every year. The United States has the highest STD rate in the world about one in ten Americans will contract an STD during his or her lifetime. People who do not know they are infected risk infecting their sexual partners and, in some cases, their unborn children. If left untreated, these diseases may cause pain or may destroy a woman's ability to have children. Some STDs can be cured with a single dose of antibiotics, but AIDS cannot be cured. Those most at risk for contracting STDs are people who have unprotected sex—without using a condom, people who have multiple partners, and people whose sex partners are drug users who share needles. Static’s show that Americans between the ages of 16 and 24 are most likely of catching STDs than older adults, because younger people usually have multiple sexual partners than an older person in a long-term relationship. Teenagers may be embarrassed to tell their sexual partners they are infected Teenagers may also be embarrassed or unable to seek medical attention for STDs. This means that they only more likely to pass the disease to other young people and have a greater risk of suffering the long-term consequences of untreated STDs. STDs are transmitted by infectious bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, and single-celled organisms called protozoa that live in warm, moist parts of the body, like the genital area, mouth, and throat. Most STDs are spread while having sex, but oral sex can also spread disease. Some STDs are passed from a mother to her child while pregnant, when the disease enters the baby's bloodstream, during childbirth as the baby passes through the birth canal, or after birth, when the baby drinks infected breast milk. AIDS can be transmitted by blood contact such as open wounds, between people who share infected needles or received through an injection of infected blood. Some people believe that STDs can be transmitted through shaking hands or other casual contact, or through contact with inanimate objects such as clothing or toilet seats, but they can’t. Chlamydeous, is from trachoma is bacterium, is the most commonly transmitted STD in the United States.
The AIDS virus is the most common disease, and with no cure, an infected person will die. It is estimated that 90 to 95 percent of AIDS infections occur in developing countries where the world’s worst living conditions exist.
In United States, the HIV epidemic reached its peak in the 1980s when the number of infected reached 130,000 people per year. Infected women ...
The Centers for disease control (CDC) has declared AIDS a global pandemic. No one person or group is safe from contracting this virus; knowledge, and safety is the only way you can protect yourself. However, the first black South African diagnosed with AIDS was in 1987, and currently South Africa is home to over 5.7 million people living with HIV/AIDS, making it the largest population on earth with people infected. (3)
Second, prostitution is a great health risk to the U.S. because of the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). A major concern about STDs is the spread of AIDS, which is currently a deadly STD because a cure has not been found for the disease. The transmission of STDs is already on the rise due to many uneducated teenagers having unprotected sex. In addition, most of theses teens are not going to a physician to be screened for STDs. Because of this, many curable STDs are going untreated and being spread throughout a community.
The emergence of HIV/AIDS is viewed globally as one of the most serious health and developmental challenges our society faces today. Being a lentivirus, HIV slowly replicates over time, attacking and wearing down the human immune system subsequently leading to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) at which point the affected individual is exposed to life threatening illnesses and eventual death. Despite the fact that a few instances of this disease have been accounted for in all parts of the world, a high rate of the aforementioned living with HIV are situated in either low or medium wage procuring nations. The Sub-Saharan region Africa is recognized as the geographic region most afflicted by the pandemic. In previous years, people living with HIV or at risk of getting infected did not have enough access to prevention, care and treatment neither were they properly sensitized about the disease. These days, awareness and accessibility to all the mentioned (preventive methods, care etc.) has risen dramatically due to several global responses to the epidemic. An estimated half of newly infected people are among those under age 25(The Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic). It hits hard as it has no visible symptoms and can go a long time without being diagnosed until one is tested or before it is too late to manage.
Many customers do not agree with the usage of condom and this affects the health of the prostitutes and their families as many venereal diseases could be transmitted by these men. Sex workers living with HIV who become pregnant need to be given a full range of options and not coerced to have terminations. In most cases the sex workers with HIV are forced to have terminations and are not allowed to give birth. If proper medical facilities are provided to these women then transmission of the disease can be stopped. These problems are rapidly increasing and adopting a systematized mechanism of legal structure is the only way to get through the