Earth observation satellites (EOS) are orbit apparatus specially designed for earth surveillance and monitoring in order to achieve an enriched understanding of the earth’s layers and system. Basically, EOS are grouped in synchronized series of polar orbiting satellites for a permanent observation job towards the ground section, water surface, atmosphere and biosphere. EOS are operated at low altitude (around 800 km) in order to obtain a better portrait of designated objectives. 1.2 History The first sparkle to innovate an observing satellite was during World War 1, wherein aircraft were used to scan enemy’s areas throughout basic cameras. This has been further advanced within World War 2 as aerial photos have been invented for mapping purposes. Later on, image processing was enriched with the digital chorological matrices systems to produce a better quality data. In fact, on 1957 October 4th, the Soviet Union launched the first satellite into space. This created a competition market for the U.S. and actual threat as they called it a “missile gap”. One year later, U.S. department of defenses launched Explorer 1 on January 31st. the competition has lead the technologies to continue getting sophisticated when civilian satellites emerged into the market, such as weather observing satellites (METEOSAT & NOAA)[1]. As a matter of fact, the first weather satellite was launched by NASA on 1960 (TRIOS 1) and launched the first spin-stabilized communications satellite on 1966.The awareness these satellites created for civilianization has been well recognized by all researchers and scientist in order to develop and enhance the technology in a way to serve human needs in all life aspects. Actually, since 1982 , NOAA satellites has helped i... ... middle of paper ... ...en extensive variety of chemical limits V. Highly sensitive VI. No spectrum regulation VII. Low power consumption VIII. Higher bandwidth open 3.2 Application I. Aircraft operations II. Quantum distribution [6] 4.0 Comparison Table 5 : SAR vs Optical # Comparison SAR Optical 1 wavelength 1 cm – 1 m 1 micron 2 visibility Can see through clouds, storms and sky objects. [10] Wavelength cannot pass through clouds. 3 Illumination has its own illumination source (signals band) Requires external thermal radiation to enlighten the observed target 4 Imaging time Image quality is independent of day time [7] Requires sun light for better image quality 5 Sensors Side looking Straight down 6 Work field Plane space Single point or distribution of points [8] 7 Image Color Black and white Colored 8 Small object picturing Not accurate and unclear [9] Can give better details
The cold war by the late 1950s had weaved into the everyday life of society for both countries. The announcement from the US that they will launch a satellite into orbit was challenged by the Soviets. On October 4th 1957, the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I. This was the world’s first artificial satellite and man-made object to be in earths orbit. The launch was unexpected to the US, having caught them off guard. As a result Sputnik began to raise fears amongst the public, fearing the possible event of a nuclear attack, due to previous cold war
Landsat Project Science Officeat NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. Landsat Glacier Bay. 2003. USA. Visible Earth NASA. Web. 16. Mar. 2014.
Although these technologies have suffered cutbacks by the government, they have found usefulness in today’s world through reassessing their mission or in scientific research. The art of reconnaissance changed during the Cold War with the invention of the spy satellite, the U2 Spy Plane, and the nuclear powered submarines. Today much of the photos taken by the United States spy satellites and U2 Spy Planes are classified but they are still used today as a part of the military and the Center Intelligent Agency to identify threats just as they did during the Cold War. Submarines Tracking down and monitoring Soviet submarines movements during the Cold War was one of the major missions of the nuclear submarines, unfortunately today the submarine force of the United States is slowly shrinking due to budget cuts within the military.
In particular, I have special interest in focusing in Agriculture, due to my home region mainly has an agricultural profile. During my training I realized the importance of reliable and quality information sources. Similarly, I recognize in satellite and aerial imagery a rich source of information. Specifically, in the future I would like to exploit this type of data for the study of soil quality and crop performance in order to unveil patterns that allow us to better understand their features and shortcomings.
The Space Race is remarkably similar to that of the arms race because of the parallel between the creation of the atomic bomb and the goal of reaching the moon. The United States’ bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki effectively established its place as the technologically superior nation; however, major milestones in space achieved early by the Soviets damaged America’s reputation. In 1957, Soviet scientists shocked the world by successfully launching the Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, beyond the Kármán Line (the boundary of space). This amazing breakthrough “rattled American self-confidence. It cast doubts on America’s vaunted scientific superiority and raised some sobering military questions.” This blow to national pride along with the fear that the Soviets could potentially launch ICBMs from space led to “Rocket fever”. The sudden wave of nationalism and the desire to build a space program worthier to that of the Soviet Union led to the...
...lision, sea levels were lower. The poles began to gain ice caps. Due to all the ice, the sea levels dropped even more. With the sea levels decreasing, there was more land between continents for animals to travel across. Due to the continually cooling climates, the earth entered an Ice Age. The lower sea levels and new mountain ranges contributed to it. There were a lot more ice caps than there are today.
NSSS states a few current trends in space as being “congested and contested” (NSSS, 8), which is shaping our space strategic environment as well as fueling debates for space weapons. “Congested” trend refers to the current “60 nations and government consortia that own and operate satellites and the expectation to have 9000 satellite communication transponders in orbit by 2015.
“Earth First! is a verb, not a noun.” (Earth First! Journal.org/Direct Action). Founded in 1979, the Earth First! movement began in response to the increasingly corporate environmental community. The founders believed environmental activists were selling out rather than working to protect the environment. Frustrated by the direction of the environmental movement, they decided it was time to take aggressive action to defend Mother Earth. Their slogan became “No Compromise in the Defense of Mother Earth!” Supporters are composed of small groups that take it upon themselves to become familiar with the ecology of the area and the most immediate and serious threats to it by using litigation, education and civil disobedience (Earth First! Journal.org/About Earth First!). There is a broad diversity of groups ranging from forest defenders, fracking, wetlands activism, animal rights and agricultural activism but all agree on the need to take action. With views tied to deep ecology, supporters believe that all living organisms are valuable and that all forms of life are vitally connected. The life of the earth comes first and these beliefs are put into action by drawing public attention to the crises facing the natural world and succeeding in cases where other environmental groups have given up. Earth Firsters also believe the current technological system is unethical because it permits humans to prosper while other species become extinct. To save all species, humans must give up their technological luxuries ("If a Tree Falls in the Forest, They Hear It". New York Times News Archives, 04 November 1990. http://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/04/magazine/if-a-tree-falls-in-the-forest-they-hear-it.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm). New ideas, strategies an...
As expected, the first Sputnik, a spherical satellite 22 inches in diameter and weighing 184 pounds, was launched on 4 October 1957 by the USSR (Divine, xiii). In response, the “father of the hydrogen bomb”, Hungarian-American physicist Edward Teller claimed that the United States had “lost a battle more important and greater than Pearl Harbor.” (Walker, 114). The Soviet news agency Tass claimed that Sputnik orbited Earth once every hour and thirty-five minutes (Jorden). Sputnik was soon orbiting Earth from 560 miles above (Jorden), sending beeping signals back to the
Jorden, William J. "Soviet Fires Earth Satellite Into Space?" New York Times, October 5, 1957. [URL] Accessed May 22, 2003.
El Niño is detected using satellites, moored and drifted buoys, and a sea level analysis.
have the capability to let you talk with someone across the nation or let you
According to A. Rossi (2011), since October 4, 1957, when the first satellite Sputnik-1 was launched by USSR, there have been more than 5000 launches with nearly 7000 payloads placed in orbit. Most of these spacecraft eventually reentered Earth’s atmosphere. Currently there are about 3500 satellites and probes orbiting the Earth together with about 1800 upper stages, i.e. parts of the rockets used to bring them to space. Of all these spacecraft only about 900 are operational and all of the rest are space debris. This population of satellites and rocket bodies’ account for about 99% of the debris orbiting the Earth are estimated to be around 5000 metric tons.
Earth system refers to the earths interacting physical, biological, and chemical processes. The system consists of land, oceans, atmosphere and poles. The earth system has four spheres, including the geosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere. The geosphere refers to the solid parts of the earth system, including earth’s rocky crust, mantle, and the metallic core. Within the geosphere is the lithosphere, which only refers to the uppermost layers of solid earth. The uppermost layers of solid earth are the oceanic and continental crust rocks. Just below the crust is the mantle, which is composed mostly of magnesium and iron silicate minerals. The mantle accounts for about 2/3 of the
GPS Orbit. N.d. Government of United States of America, U.S.A. Space Segment. Web. 1 Jan.