Every performance horse owner has a very rigorous exercise and feeding program. Today there are so many feed supplements that it is very easy to ensure your animal gets every nutrient it needs to perform at its very best. However, even with all these extra additives every horse needs the basics in their diets. Primarily roughage, for those people who do not have access to year-round pasture the alternative is hay.
The first step of the process of hay production is the standing crop. The standing crops contain bacteria and yeasts. This is where potential mold growth begins (Smith). Once the crop has been cut the moisture of the plant is then decreased very quickly. This now allows a new group of microbes to begin to reproduce and spread. Hay that is apparently dusty but lacks visual evidence of mold, is caused by fungi growing in the cut hay that is drying out in the field. After the hay has been baled, yet another new group of microbes (mainly consisting of fungi and yeasts) start to reproduce (Smith). These new fungi are better suited to fill this new, drier, and warmer niche. The most common molds found in hay include Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporum, Fusarium, Mucor, Penicillium, and Rhizopus each of these types cause spores that can cause problems for livestock and especially horses (Lemus). Out of these common types of fungi, there are three types that start to grow mainly during storage; These are Aspergillis, Fusarium and Penicillium. Several of the fungi that grow during the hay bale storage process are known to produce mycotoxins. These are the organisms that feed off sugars and organic acids emitted from the plant during the drying process and they are also the types of fungi that cause hay to become moldy (Smit...
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Kapper, Don. “Feed Contaminants and Additives Potentially Toxic to Horses.” AOCS.org. N.p., 2012. Web. 16 Feb. 2012. .
Mauger, Robyn. “Mycotoxins and Your Horse.” Horsetalk. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Feb. 2012. .
Lemus, Rocky. MSUcares. Mississippi State U, Dec. 2009. Web. 13 Feb. 2012. .
Smith, Ray. “Understanding and Reducing Mold Growth in Hay.” The Camelid Quarterly (June 2005): n. pag. Google Scholar. Web. 15 Feb. 2012. .
“Mycelium.” Merrium-Webster Dictionary. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2012.
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In a recent study, Nicholas P. Spanos and Jack Gottlieb were able to study biological occurrences that could account for the mysterious behavior of the young girls. The two studied ergot, which is a fungus that can infest rye and other cereal grains under specific conditions. The two discovered that when ingested, the ergotized grain may produce a remarkable amount of symptoms including, but not limited
A farrier must be skilled in ironwork, be able to evaluate a horses hoof balance, gait, and conformation. For those of you that don’t know much about horses, a gait is just a fancy way to talk about how they move, and conformation is, by definition, the degree of correctne...
The possible Fungus spores could pose a health risk based upon data from the NYDHS study, Harry Dobin’s autopsy, and experts in the field. Additionally, the Fungus, presumably, is the cause of the public nuisance (i.e. the odor) and the Fungus spores are the result of Landfill’s
In cattle feedlots, the conditions are very bad. Most of the time, the feeder calves are standing in mud that is two feet deep. In these moist conditions, bacteria thrive. The cattle can suffer from foot problems, like foot rot. foot rot is a disease of the hoof which the skin between the toes of the hooves rots away and decomposes. If left untreated, the foot will swell and will rot off. This is extremely painful for the animal(Hasheider 34). In these feed yards, the feed is dumped into concrete feed bunks three times a day, and that is all the cattle get to eat. They are not offered grass or any type of forage, the forage, also known as hay...
The use of horses for human consumption dates back to the earliest use of animals for human consumption. Horses are used for food in many counties but are also considered inhumane in other countries. In the United States specifically, horsemeat is not the norm for consumed meat. There seems to be a problem that has arisen. It is suspected that horses being slaughtered at horse slaughtering factories are not the most up to date, pain free for the horse, and human as people suspect them to be like beef kill floors.
Kellems, Richard O., and D. C. Church. Livestock Feeds and Feeding. 6th ed. Boston: Prentice Hall, 2010. Print.
... horses with EMS found that feeding grass hay that was restricted to 1.25% of the animals’ body weights in combination with soaking the feed in cold water and feeding a vitamin and mineral regimen managed to improve the condition of the effected horses. In a period of six weeks, these animals lost an average %BM of about 7% as well as improving in the circumference of their belly and body condition score. Also, the horses showed higher insulin sensitivity by the end of the study.
The majority of clinical cases of laminitis occur in pastures where there is an accumulation of rapidly fermentable non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) such as fructans, simple sugars or starches (Geor, 2010). Pasture-associated laminitis has major economic and welfare implications in the equine sector. Increased risk factors include insulin resistance, increased insulin secretory response, hypertriglyceridaemia and obesity (Asplin, et al., 2007; Carter, et al., 2009 and de Laat, et al., 2010). Insulin resistance has been associated with a number of problems in the horse, most notably laminitis.
The most common route of exposure to mycotoxins is ingestion, but it may also involve dermal, respiratory, and parenteral routes, the last being associated with drug abuse (Peraica and Domijan, 2001). In general, animals are directly exposed to mycotoxins through the consumption of mouldy feedstuffs, eating contaminated foods, skin contact with mould infected substrates and inhalation of spore-borne toxins (Bennett and Klich, 2003a). Human exposure to mycotoxins may result from consumption of plant-derived foods that are contaminated with toxins, the carry-over of mycotoxins and their metabolites in animal products such as meat and eggs (Veldman, 2004) or exposure to air and dust containing toxins (Jarvis, 2002). Most importantly, the presence of potentially toxigenic fungi does not imply the presence of mycotoxins, nor does the finding of mycotoxins prove that a particular species is, or was, present. Toxin production is dependent on substrates, nutrient levels, moisture, pH, and temperature (Murtoniemi et al.,
Mold is, in fact, a fascinating organism which has had many different uses over the years and our lives would not be the same without it.
Visser, Nick. "After Fears Of Antibiotic Resistance, 25 Drug Companies To Phase Out Use In Livestock." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 27 Mar. 2014. Web. 20 May 2014. .
Horses are used for lots of things!One thing they are used for today is competing. Whether you are competing in horse sports or just competing to have fun. Another thing horses are used for today is pleasure riding. When I say pleasure riding I mean just going on a ride with your friends or just taking a break from whatever else you’re doing. In the past people used horses for pleasure riding, like we do today. We do not use them for farming as much as the people in the past did. Back when we didn’t have all the ostentatious technology for our armies to use, we used war horses. One thing that is identical between today and the past is using horses a lot, as they did in the past.
In this exercise, Penicillium was utilized, a common, safe, mold. Certain species of Penicillium will spoil fruits, vegetables, grains, and grasses. Other species will ripen various chesses. Still, other species are used in the production of antibiotics. The species of Penicillium, italicum is provided for the lab because of its pronounced hyphae. Penicillium italicum, along with Penicillium digitatum attack citrus fruits post-harvest. In this experiment, the effect of Penicillium italicum on two types of citrus fruits and one non-citrus fruits were tested.
Pesticides are frequently used in this community. Almost all farmers use pesticides every day to help keep malicious, hungry animals away from their crops, most of which have been linked to illnesses further down the road by consumers, or even pregnant mothers in some cases, involving those responsible for applying the chemicals. All in all, it is no secret that these chemicals are nothing to toy with. As a matter of fact, they themselves have the potential to severely affect the health or kill unsuspecting, or perhaps impair workers.
Proteins are extremely important in the growth of muscles, combined with weight training; protein can enhance muscle mass gain. Dependent on the athlete, the balance between weight lifting and protein intake will vary; a professional or trainer will measure the needed amount. Thought, all athletes will need a high protein diet, short track sprinters will not intake as much as much as a football player, for the sprinter would have a high carbohydrate diet. Resulting in instant energy opposed to the football players need for muscle mass and stored energy for long exercise periods.