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Ancient Greece and Roman Education
Religion in hellenistic Greece
Religion in hellenistic Greece
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Gregory's First Theological Oration
Growing up as a Catholic, I never even considered watching whom I spoke in front of when in a conversation about God. I never dwelled on the fact that I might be putting "the sword into the enemies hands", or that only people that were concerned with God should speak of Him. Gregory of Nazianzus believed that only certain people, certain places and certain occasions were worthy of the discussion of God. In Gregory's First Theological Oration, he clearly delivers the guidelines that believers should heed when speaking of or about God.
First and foremost, the First Oration is not just a set of guidelines, but also a preparatory work that precedes four other Orations. The Five Theological Orations earned Gregory the title of the Theologian (Catholic Online). In them he discusses the consubstantiality of the Son and Holy Spirit in relation to God, as well as the fact that no human, despite their level of understanding or knowledge, can fully comprehend the nature of God (Bone). With these subjects in mind, it is important to consider a bit about Gregory's background.
Born to the Bishop of Nazianzus in Cappadocia, religion was a central part of Gregory's life. He was educated in Christian writings, especially Origen (Catholic Online). Origen lived during the Christian persecutions between 185 and 254 AD. He is considered one of the greatest Christian Theologians of all time, most likely in regards to his many biblical commentaries and sermons. Some of his better known works were On First Principle, which discussed Christian Neo-Platonism, and Against Celcus, which was a written response to the Pagan philosopher Celcus' attack on Christianity (IEoP). Together with his friend Basil, Gregory composed the Philocalia, meaning "Love of Beauty" which was an anthology of Origen's works. Gregory was also extremely well versed in Greek philosophy (Catholic Online).
A very surprising fact is that it was under force from his father that Gregory became a priest. He did not feel that he was pure enough to be in such a sacred office, because he had not yet finished learning. Several times he took sanctuary in a monastery. He was eventually made into the Bishop of Nazianzus, but a larger position was offered to him as the Bishop of Constantinople. He accepted the role, but unfortunately could not keep it, since one cannot be Bishop of two places, and the original "bishopship" should be the position kept (Catholic Online).
In the year of our Lord 582, Maurice, the fifty-fourth emperor from Augustus, ascended the throne and reigned twenty-one years. In the tenth year of his reign, Gregory, a man renowned for learning and behavior, was promoted to the apostolic see of Rome,' and presided over it thirteen years, six months, and ten days. He, being moved by divine inspiration, about the one hundred and fiftieth year after the coming of the English into Britain, sent the servant of God, Augustine, and with him several other monks who feared the Lord, to preach the word of God to the English nation. . . .
The Second Epistle to Timothy is one of the books of the Christian Bible bagianPerjanjian largely contains New advice-personal advice to Timothy as a colleague and a young maid.[1][2] the core of his advice is that Timothy stoic. He was counseled and encouraged to keep faithful to spread the word about TuhanYesus Christ and hold on to the Old Testament and the teachings of the Gospel of the Lord; also so that Timothy continues to serve as teachers and preachers of the Gospel of the Lord, even the face of misery and conflict. This letter is intended to be passion Timothy mengabarjan the word of God and became the successor of Paul. Timothy specifically warned so as not interfering in the debates are stupid and not worth. Such debates do not produce anything, except for the damage the minds of people w...
Francis of Assisi is one of the most influential personalities in the entire world. In the book ‘Francis of Assisi: Performing the Gospel Life,’ Cunningham recounts the life of this humble monk who lived in the medieval times, and shaped the Christian life, which spread in Western culture throughout the rest of history. I believe Cunningham accurately accounts for the life of Francis of Assisi, and in doing so; he provides a trajectory of the Christian faith from its early and historical proponents through its fusion with western culture, and its subsequent spread throughout the world.
In his Earlier Rule, Francis encouraged the friars to preach through their actions rather than their words (Let all the brothers, however preach by their deeds). For Francis, gestures and symbols were as important as the words themselves. In the Franciscan sources, Francis depended as much on dramatic gestures and images as he did upon words he spoke (or didn’t speak) to preach his message. The meal at the Greccio provides an excellent example of how Francis used both of these elements, as well as words to make manifest “sermon”. This paper will examine this Greccio meal through the lens of two sources, the earlier Assisi Compilation and the later work, The Remembrance of the Desire of a Soul by Thomas of Celano. The Greccio meal will be compared and contrasted in these two sources, especially with regards to the significance of Francis unspoken actions within these writings. For Francis, actions did indeed speak louder than words.
Saint Augustine’s On Faith and the Creed breaks down the Apostles Creed and expresses the essence of the Christian faith. The 11 chapters within On Faith and The Creed express many truths of the faith. Chapter one explains the origin of the creed and object of its composition. The Apostles Creed is a sufficient summary of the faith for beginners and those who who are more diligent in their faith. Many heretics have tried to corrupt the interpretation of the Apostles Creed. Yet, since it is written according to the scripture, the Apostles Creed is based on complete truth. Chapter two expresses the fact that eternity is exclusive. Saint Augustine talks about how the Apostles Creed will not truly be understood or impact a person if they are not
St. Augustine was a fourth century philosopher of the late Roman and early Medieval time. Today, he is still considered one of the most significant figures in the development of Western Christianity and played a huge role in bringing Christianity to dominance during the time when the Roman Empire was in a dark place. He is considered to be one of the most important Church Fathers in Western Christianity. At that time, many people saw Aristotle as one of the main influences to Christian thought. However, after St. Augustine’s own spiritual struggles and trials in his life, he combined his own wisdom with ideas from both Plato and Neo-Platonism into a unique philosophical system that supported the Christian belief.
Throughout the first 400 years that Christianity was present in the world it changed dramatically. It started small in an area near the eastern Mediterranean area but within these 400 years, it grew to encompass the whole of the Mediterranean and its surrounding. Throughout this time of growth, there was also much change within the beliefs of Christianity with the main belief centering around Jesus Christ. While Christianity grew and made it to new areas it was introduced to new people that interpreted the different scriptures and preaching of what it meant to be a Christian. Some of the most influential writings in these years came from Irenaeus of Lyons, a second-century writer, Christian, theologian, and bishop. He expressed his beliefs of what made a Christian a Christian within his writing. One of his most famous writings, The Demonstration of the Apostolic Preaching, highlights the idea of the Holy Trinity and the Rule of Faith in the interpretation of the bible. Irenaeus believed that the Rule of Faith was ultimately necessary and required when reading and interpreting the word of Christianity saying, in the words of Isaiah, “If ye believe not, neither shall ye understand” (paragraph 3). In the eyes of Irenaeus, the Rule of Faith is one of the main things that makes a Christian a Christian.
He explains two reasons for this; one that the teachings are to be held between you and God only and the second is that others are not ready to hear the teachings. If one hears the teachings before their mind is ready, it won’t have the same effect and could deter them from the wonders and mysteries of God. He then goes on to mention that as catechumens, you are brothers and sisters with one another, therefore you need to treat each other that way. Also, as brothers and sisters, you need to help guide each other in the right direction, especially leading your fellow brother and sisters away from speaking about petty
Athanasius was Greek; He was born in Alexandria to Christian parents. His theology is linked to Irenaeus and Bartholomew; we can see this in his use of Logos as Christ. Athanasius was the Athanasius dealt with the Arian Controversy, where he was able to develop his theology of the Trinity. His theology was developed with Athanasius' fourty-five years as bishop of Alexandria from 328 to 373. Unfortunately, some modern scholars have criticized Athanasius for his lack of discussion on Christ’s human soul, whether he had one and if he did, what that meant in regards to Soteriology. The divinity of Christ was more important to Athanasius than the humanity. As well, how Arius viewed the Bible as privatized teaching as opposed to public teaching that was to be used with all teaching. “Athanasius regarded as divinely inspired. Most importantly, the Bible contained the words of Christ. Accordingly, the Bible is sufficient for the exposition of the truth, about both the things of philosophy and the things of God and so it demands our obedience.” In Athanasius' writings there is the influence of Platonism in his thought, though Athanasius himself does not hold to be a Platonist. We can see his Platonist influenced education w...
We do not know for certain when Irenaeus was born, but his birth probably came around 120/140 A.D. His birthplace was Smyrna in Asia Minor and his parents were Greek by nationality. He studied as a child under Polycarp from about 129 until Polycarp died in 155. Polycarp had been a student of the Apostle John. Therefore, there was only a one-generation gap between the apostles of our Lord and Irenaeus. In around 177, he was chosen by the imprisoned Christians in Lugdunum, to take a letter concerning the Montanist heresy to Eleutherus of Rome. While in Rome, he studied in Justin Martyr’s school about the year 178. Yet, unlike Just Martyr, Irenaeus did not appreciate the philosophical approach to Christianity and the Bible, but he still used philosophy in some of his writings. In addition, Irenaeus did seem to take some of his material from Ignatius and Theophilus.
In the western half of the once great Roman Empire, Rome, along with the surrounding territories, fell to barbarians. The barbarians, primarily from Germanic tribes, had no system of government by which the people should live. In other words, each village and people-group were left to fend for themselves in terms of both rule as well as protection; however, the church never faltered or fell away while the barbarians took control. In light of this fact, the church began to grow in power and stability. With people flocking to the churches and monasteries for help and protection, the power began being transferred to the bishop rather than to a king/political ruler. This bishop was the Archbishop of Rome.
Although he is one of the most important Theologians of his time, little information is known of him. He was probably born in Northern Italy at Lumellogno in Navarre at around 1100 He attended Bologna possibly Vercelli, France to study first in Reins and then in Paris. He was then elected bishop of Paris in 1159; he soon died a year later. Peter was an Italian theologian and bishop of Paris, his Four Books of Sentences became the main theological handbook of the Middle Ages. He was a student at Paris, where he was the student of the French philosopher Peter Abelard. Lombard was a teacher of theology in the school of Notre Dame and Paris, from 1136 to 1150. The famous twelfth century theologian, Peter Lombard, wrote four books of which are the only books that attribute to him that are considered authentic. Peter Lombard’s setting and context of his time was living through and during the renaissance of the 12 century which included the crusades.
St Augustine instilled a profound impact in the interpretation of the new religion of Christianity. Augustine was well versed in various subjects such as metaphysics and politics but the most important was his engrossment in the Platonic Ideas. His understanding of the body and the soul made him one of the founding philosophers to define Christianity and how one must interpret the scriptures of God. In his era, 400 BC Christianity was emerging as a young faith with know concrete bounds; St. Augustine created a sophisticated doctrine of Christian way of life by not only incorporating but appropriating ideas taken from Platonic ideas as well as Neo-Platonism beliefs. In this philosopher’s eyes, Plato’s idea of a universal being was God himself;
Origen, a great theologian of the East, spurned the two-stage theory he moved to an alternative Platonic hierarchical framework for the Father, Son and the Holy Spirit. By...
According to a fourteenth century codex, Philip wrote, "Athenagoras was the first to head the school in Alexandria. He flourished at the time of Hadrian and Antoninus, to both of whom he addressed his Plea on Behalf of Christians. He became a Christian while he wore the philosopher's cloak and was at the head of the Academy. Even before Celsus, he was anxious to write against the Christians. . " (Migne PG vi.182; English translation in Schoedel ix).