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Arguments of globalization introduction
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Globalisation is one of the most debated issues of the day. It is everywhere on TV, on websites, learning journals, labour meeting rooms and in organization's boardrooms. Remarkably, for so widely a used term, there does not appear to have a precisely agreed definition. One of the frequently used definitions is that globalisation refers to the growing integration of societies across the world, it has taken many forms and it is difficult to discuss it in a general way. However most of the times the term is used is to refer to the economic integration of the world markets. Therefore our main discussion will be on the economic integration of the world and what negative effects of globalisation are, especially the negative effects Palast (2002) argues that globalisation impoverishes the world's poor, enriching the rich and devastating the environment, while few supporters see it as a fast way to universal peace and prosperity.
Many developed countries started to liberalise in the 1980's following the imposition of World Bank and IMF structural adjustment policies. Advocates would argue that this liberalisation would help economic growth, which will reduce poverty and that countries with more open markets will have experienced higher growth rates that those with protectionist policies [Ades &Glaeser 1999]. However Manenji (1998) argues that unregulated free trade, driven solely by market forces, in that while it has raised standards of living for many people, especially in developed countries, it has not done so for the poorest. After 20 years of trade liberalisation, poverty in many countries has not fallen. For example in agriculture where the poorest make most of their living, food imports are partly responsible for destruction of small farmers, for example Malawi which produces rice which it sold in most South African countries now has to contend with rice which is sold at much cheaper rates, which is imported from Asia.
International trade in foodstuffs is increasing much faster than food production; it took off as a result of trade liberalisation under the IMF, WTO and World Bank. As a consequence more land in developing countries is being used by large multinational companies to grow food for the export market, which has implications for food production for local people. The price of many agricultural commodities, such as coffee and tea are at near all-time lows. This has a large detrimental impact on poor farmers, for the reason that buying imported food prices are so low that there is no point to grow them.
Because larger scale plantations are able to sell a cheaper product it makes it almost impossible for small family farms to compete without cutting down net profits (Nelson & Galvez, 2000). In order for cocoa farmers in impoverished countries to increase national wealth they need to increase their productivity. Wealth in countries is directly correlated with the nations productivity, and in largely cocoa based nations efficiency in cocoa farms are very important. Wealth allows farmers a greater amount of leisure time to invest in education, health care, and capital equipment. While companies, like fair-trade, help provide farmers with health and fair crop prices to increase national wealth farmers have to increase productivity and increase capital investments (Nelson & Galvez, 2000). Educated citizens can advance nations to achieving a more economic and better developed society, which in return will change a vicious cycle into a virtuous one creating a more sustainable
In places like Africa and Brazil where they grow cocoa beans the economy is very unstable and without the help of fair trade the farms don't get enough money to sustain them self. Such as the average age for cocoa farming is 45-50 and more and more people are looking for other jobs because the
Globalization of goods /services and fair trade has helped in providing developing countries with more output of products, selling and producing techniques that are more ethical, open future investments through funding and technology. While some have benefited, others have lost jobs and resources. Coffee the second valuable traded commodity in the markets, has needed help in this industry with fair trade. These farmers crops usually grown in remote areas, have no access to credit , are indigent and in need of funding and technology. “A labor-intensive crop, coffee grows well on small and steeply slope parcels of land. Small scale producers often with landholding smaller than 3 hectares, constitute the majority of coffee producers in the country and are concentrated in some of the poorest regions.” Case Studies...(2009). The reasons these farmers do not profit well in the markets today, because they have lost their place as the foreign exchange earner allowing other competitors like Vietnam, Cost Rico, Ethiopia, India ,Tanzania and Uganda to emerge. “When the collapse of the ...
However, it is not every developing country will succeed in developing their economy after adopted free trade policies. There are many developing countries remain poor or even worse off since the prices of technology and manufactured goods that they import from developed countries are higher than the income that they gain from export their low price products such as agriculture which are major exporting commodities of many developing nations. Moreover, opening domestic markets also brings huge risks to developing countries which have not enough capability to compete with developed nations. For instance, after Zambia and Ghana opened their markets the rate of economic growth has fell suddenly because their domestic products cannot compete with foreign goods while the cost of imports were higher than income from exports (Byers, 2003). In contrast to its theory that free trade will improve the living standards of the population in developing countries, the effect of free trade, in reality, affects many people adversely in developing countries particularly poor people in countryside even though the state have economic growth. In Mexico, whereas its economy grown during the first half of the 1990s, there were a lot of people living below the poverty line which increased by 14 million from the mid-1980s (Byers, 2003). In the same vein, it is also possible to
Diao, Xinshen, Terry Roe and Agapi Somwaru. “Developing Country Interests in Agricultural Reforms Under the World Trade Organization.” American Journal of Economics v.84, n3 (August 2002): 782-90
For about two decades, if not even more, globalization has already created situations that greatly impacted women throughout the world today. Depending on one's opinion on globalization, those impacts could either be good or could be bad; in my opinion, there is no middle when it comes to globalization and the role of women in it. Two examples of globalization are: economic globalization which, according to Burn, “refers to the integration and rapid interaction of economies through production, trade and financial transactions by banks.., with an increased role for the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).” and cultural globalization which “refers to the transnational migration of people, information and consumer culture.”
The movement particularly emphasizes on exports from developing countries to developed countries, with products such as handicrafts, coffee, cocoa, sugar, tea, bananas, honey, cotton, wine, fresh fruit, chocolate, flowers and gold. Moreover, coffee is one of the most widely traded goods in the world. For many developing countries, coffee trade is an important source of income. Producers can provide a better trading and improve terms of trade. Moreover, this allows producers to improve workers’ living environment and future life in general (De Pelsmacker, Driessen and Rayp, 2005).
Because of the wealth allocation around the world, developed countries are capable of purchasing the high quality food without pollution in their own countries. America has a higher purchasing power than most of developing countries that depends on their economy. Since agriculture is the only way to eat healthy and America does not have enough people to work on farms all day, the country will purchase its food from other developing countries. Meanwhile, American purchases food from developing countries is very convenient and affordable for themselves; the country strives to import as much food as it is available to make sure that its citizens stay healthy. In the end, the producing country only leaves with very little to high quality food for their own citizen. Some developing countries heavily rely on exports for the economy to run their countries. Although those producing countries can relieve their financial problems, many of people still confront
Fair trade offers fixed price that can protect suppliers from fluctuations in prices. (Mohan, 2010) Most of the products traded under fair trade are agricultural. The prices of agricultural products are very volatile under the free market. This is because usually agricultural goods such as coffee and banana are necessities and their supplies are subject to random shocks such as natural disasters. Due to its volatile nature, any small changes in demand or supply will dramatically affect the price. For ex...
Whether globalization is a force of good or evil has become a highly contested issue throughout the world. The proliferation of economic globalization has been advocated for with the claim that a greater socioeconomic integration and collaboration among countries will increase the living standards of both the rich and the poor. However, as Stiglitz indicates in the book Making Globalization Work, while it is true that globalization has enormous potential to make the world a better place, what is problematic is the amalgam between politics and economics that has shaped globalization resulting many losers and few winners. This paper will aim to show that on the one hand economic and corporate globalization are not the great evil portrayed by Wayne Ellwood in The No-Nonsense Guide to Gobalization, but neither can globalization and free trade be equated with increased living standards for all. Instead, the potential of globalization must be acknowledged, though one must take into account the negative impact it has had on the world and look for ways in which it can be improved as argued by Joseph Stiglitz.
Globalisation goes back as far as the era before the First World War. During that time globalisation’s general tendencies produced a very uneven pattern of global economic development, exposing the limits of global economic integration. For example, the integration of the African economy into the capitalist economy is part of the globalising tendencies of capitalism.
Whether we realize it or not globalization has impacted the lives of individuals around the world. Globalization is described in our textbook as “the increasing interconnectedness of peoples and societies and the interdependence of economies, governments, and the environment” (p 3, Daniels, Joseph P.) Because of this increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of economies it is not surprising that aspects of our everyday lives. Not only has globalization shaped things you might expect such as career options but it has also shaped things you may not have expected such as cultural norms and gender roles.
Agriculture holds a significant role in underdeveloped countries. It is often the backbone of their economic and social well-being. It acts as the main source of employment and income, 70% of a country's population rely on framing as a mean of living (CITE HERE). Because most underdeveloped countries have low rates of educational attainment, farming is a popular source of employment. It requires little to no education. As a result agriculture employs many people contributing to nations economic development. Residents can also sell what they grow, providing them with a source of income, thus not only raising the national income level but the standard of living as well. Agriculture is not only a ...
Globalisation is a very complex term with various definitions, in business terms, “globalization describes the increasingly global nature of markets, the tendency for transnational businesses to configure their business activities on a worldwide basis, and to co-ordinate and integrate their strategies and operations across national boundaries” (Stonehouse, Campbell, Hamill and Purdie, 2004, p. 5).
It is the intention of the members of the World Trade Organization, especially their more developed member countries, to export as much as possible to their poorer less-sophisticated undereducated co-member countries. Therefore, they create rules that encourage their own export and minimize imports especially of goods that pose a threat to their own markets. This is especially prominent in the food and agriculture industry. There are globalization restraints that restrict the livelihood of farmers. I personally don’t think this is a fair way to approach issues in these industries. To me, this is just another way for the rich to prey on the poor. Hilary French raised an interesting example in her book; she states that the concept of the Green Revolution entails a rule that prohibits farmers from saving their seeds for the next planting season. Although the indigenous people felt that patenting seeds that are obviously a free gift of nature is theft, corporations made it a legal offence when farmers went against these rules. What that means is that the farmers have to buy prepackaged, preservative and pesticide filled seeds every year from corporations every planting season in ...