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Globalization, both as an ideology and process, has become the dominant political, economical and cultural force in the 21st century (Steger, 2002, 6). As a social and economic concept, globalization has its roots in neoliberalism which advocates: the primacy of economic growth, free trade to stimulate growth, a free market, individual choice, reduction of government regulation, and global social development based on a western model (Steger, 2002, 9). Although globalization is not a new concept, technological advancements in the last few decades have, for the first time in human history, allowed for real global production, transport and communication. Nowadays, transnational corporations can “produce anything anywhere on the planet and sell anything anywhere on the planet” (Keeling, 2002). While the benefits of human social and economic interactions are hard to ignore, globalization and its agencies also contribute to: the depolarization of society, the undermining of democracy, and the denationalization of the globe. This paper will assess the various political and economic factors of globalization from a socialist perspective.
Globalization creates and amplifies depolarization on a regional, national and global level. First, the main criticism of globalization is its role in creating and increasing the gap between classes in society. This “developmental gap” is characterized by and increased concentration of national income in the hands of fewer people (Keeling, 2002). When such social hierarchy exists, a small percentage of individuals or groups have total control over production, finances and information. Thus, the labor force is not only exploited for the economic benefit of a country and a select few modern-day oligarchs, ...
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Saul, Michael. Many Americans Prefer Socialism to Capitalism, New Poll Finds. 9 April 2009. 12 November 2011 .
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...a of Latin America: The Age of Globalization 3 (2010). Modern World History Online. Web. 11 May 2014.
Mignolo, W. D. (2005). The Idea of Latin America (pp. 1-94). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
Mignolo, W. D. (2005). The Idea of Latin America (pp. 1-94). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
"In ancient times the opulent and civilized found it difficult to defend themselves against the poor and the barbarous nations; in modern times the poor and barbarous nations find it difficult to defend themselves against the opulent and civilized." -Adam Smith
Mercedes Gonzalez de la Rocha and Barbara B. Gantt Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 22, No.
The term globalization is synonymous with international trade and integration of economies through multi-national agreements. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary (2013) globalization is defined as “the development of an increasingly integrated global economy marked especially by free trade, free flow of capital, and the tapping of cheaper foreign labor markets”. Although many disagree as to origin of the idea of globalization, it’s been prevalent in shaping the world economy since the 19th century. O’Rourke and Williamson (1999) note how this ideology has indeed driven international economic policy since the 1980s, as the influence and power of multi-national companies grew exponentially along with the spread of capitalism throughout the world. European and U.S. economies have drastically been influenced by globalization. David (2001) illustrates how the global economy expanded after the North American Trade Agreement (NAFTA) took effect, ushering in an era of trade liberalization, forever reshaping the U.S. economy. The integration of new markets allowed for increased flows of trade of goods and services, but also created new opportunities for immigrants and jobs. Additionally, Hopkins (2002) states that proponents of capitalism and free trade, see globalization as positive force in spreading the ideals of democracy, particularly to nations oppressed by communistic regimes. Zurn (2010) provides a prime example of the sociopolitical changes that stemmed from the emerging global market is the fall of the Berlin wall in 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Although economic globalization has helped international markets to experience dynamic growth, the most recent financial crisis of 2008 has hind...
Globalization in the 20th Century emerged from the smoke of a devastating world war, thrived in the advent of rapidly advancing modes of travel and communication, and was met with a wave of economic and political reform in western democratic nations. The nature of globalization in the 21st Century is less a natural continuation of this process than a reaction to it, as policies implemented in the late 20th century struggle to address a host of problems considered unforeseeable at one point, but which are now painfully evident.
In the article titled “States of Discord”, Thomas Friedman and Robert Kaplan present various arguments regarding the aspects of globalization and its affects on our world. Though their opinions differ greatly regarding certain aspects such as how it will affect democratization, personal freedom, and the culture of the world as a whole, they agree on larger issues such as that globalization affects every state in some way or another. Rather than taking completely opposing stances regarding these issues, they add on to each others arguments and interject their own opinions into them. Some of the main points that come out of this debate is that while globalization can lead to positive developments , it can also lead to negative developments. Also, the institutions that emerge in a globalized world owe all of their success and failure to circumstance.
Parenti, M, (1995) Against Empire, City Light Books, Ch. 1 ~ A concise account of the conversion to a global economy and the history of imperialism
Globalization refers to the extraordinary compression of time and space reproduced in the tremendous increase of social, political and cultural interconnections and interdependencies on a international scale (Eitzen&Maxine 2009). Following the Second World War, the imperialist returned political independence to their third world colonies (Eitzen&Maxine 2009). Globalization however, has maintained economic dependency on Western Europe and The United States (Eitzen&Maxine 2009). The assumptions that the spread of democracy and capitalism through globalization benefits most countries are inherently misguided. Rather, the nature and performance of globalization are contradictory. For a state to be truly democratic it needs to maintain its sovereignty. However, globalization fuelled by neo liberalism has diminished the sovereignty of the nation state (Eitzen&Maxine 2009). Although, proponents of globalization posit that it benefits all states, it simultaneously leads to the creation of the “failed states”. The modernization theory, suggesting that globalization and the acceptance of modern progressive concepts of democracy and capitalism are precursors to development (Allahar 1994). Nonetheless, proponents of this ignore the fact that capitalism is based on the unequal distribution of labor and wealth, which is subsequently contradictory to freedom and equality. The unequal distribution of capital throughout history thus renders one nation dominant over others leaving subordinate nations in a state of perpetual poverty. Thus, the modernization theory ignores the role the west plays in causing the continuous state of poverty and unrest and how this helps maintain power and control over the third world. By focusing on the issues of pirac...
Waters (2001) defines globalisation as a social process where the constraints of geography on economic, political, social and cultural arrangements diminish. The idea of globalisation is a clear target for ideological suspicion. It seems to justify the spread of western culture and capitalist society which propose that there are forces operating beyond human control and working to alter the world. Karl Marx states that globalisation has caused a dramatic increase in the power of the capitalist class because it opened new markets for it. Indeed, the discovery of America and the advent of navigation routes to Asia founded a ‘world market’ for modern industry. The bourgeoisie took advantage of such opportunity where they could expand a market for their products across the globe. (Waters, 2001)
‘Globalization’ has been defined as “a phenomenon by which economic agents in any given part of the world are now affected by events that occur elsewhere than ever before.” Since the end of World War II, there has been a significant increase in economic growth and the standard of living as globalization has become a dominant force. However, globalization has negative implications as well in which it has contributed to the large disparity of wealth, and created a volatile market environment. Skeptics argue that globalization has “passed its peak” in which national governments have turned to protectionism in order to reduce its negative effects. Advocates of globalization argue that the integration of markets is ultimately irreversible, and attempts to block globalization have resulted in detrimental effects not only to global economy, but to domestic economy as well. This paper will argue that globalization has not yet reached its peak. Through the examination of arguments made by both skeptics and advocates of globalization, this paper will show that the recent global economic crisis has not reversed the phenomenon, but rather, has contributed to the rise of a new globalization.
Many historians and sociologists have identified a transformation in the economic processes of the world and society in recent times. There has been an extensive increase in developments in technology and the economy as a whole in the twentieth century. Globalization has been recognized as a new age in which the world has developed into what Giddens identifies to be a “single social system” (Anthony Giddens: 1993 ‘Sociology’ pg 528), due to the rise of interdependence of various countries on one another, therefore affecting practically everyone within society.
When the term “Globalization” is discussed, most academics, scholars, professionals and intellectuals attempt to define and interpret it in a summarized fashion. My main concern with this approach is that one cannot and should not define a process that altered decades of history and continues to, in less than 30 words. Global Shift is a book with remarkable insight. Peter Dicken rather than attempting to define the commonly misused word, explains Globalization in a clear and logical fashion, which interconnects numerous views. Dicken takes full advantage of his position to write and identify the imperative changes of political, economic, social, and technological dimensions of globalization.
Globalization is a term that is difficult to define, as it covers many broad topics in the global arena. However, it can typically be attributed to the advancement of economic, social, and cultural interactions among the companies, citizens, organizations, and governments of nations; globalization also focuses on the interactions and integration of countries (The Levin Institute 2012). Many in the Western world promote globalization as a positive concept that allows growth and participation in a global community. Conversely, the negative aspects rarely receive the same level of attention. Globalization appears to be advantageous for the privileged few, but the benefits are unevenly distributed. For example, the three richest people in the world possess assets that exceed the Gross National Product of all of the least developed countries and their 600 million citizens combined (Shawki and D’Amato 2000). Although globalization can provide positive results to some, it can also be a high price to pay for others. Furthermore, for all of those who profit or advance from the actions related to globalization, there are countless others who endure severe adverse effects.